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Abstract
Study background and objectives
A class of plant molecules known as polyphenols has been linked to a number of health advantages. Consuming polyphenols on a regular basis is thought to improve digestion and cognitive function as well as offer protection from heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and even some malignancies. Particularly when it comes to cardiovascular disease, polyphenols are crucial in disease prevention. Among the most well-known sources include berries, tea, and dark chocolate. However, a lot of other meals also contain substantial amounts of these substances. Using a database of food polyphenols, it was intended to estimate adult residents of Peshawar's dietary intake of polyphenols.
Methods
Multistage sampling, also known as multistage cluster sampling, was used to sample a population using progressively smaller groupings (units) at each stage. A 24-hour dietary recall (24HR), a structured interview created to gather detailed information about the respondent's whole food and beverage intake over the previous 24 hours, was then conducted, most typically from midnight to midnight the day before. The whole information was recorded in five steps such as quick list, forgotten foods, time and occasion, detail cycle, final probe. Foods with more than 1 mg of any polyphenol per serving have been identified using the Phenol-Explorer® database. Utilizing their own dietary database of food's polyphenol contents. The study lasted six months, and collected data were analyzed using SPSS for descriptive statistics and data from 24-hour dietary recalls are analyzed using the Windiet software.
Results
Results showed that the percentage of female (51%) participants was higher than males (49%), and most participants were between the ages of 31 and 40. Most of the participant lived in urban (53.4%) and rural (46.6%) areas, and the majority of the men were self-employed (52.4%), followed by students (12.2%) while the majority of women were unemployed (76.4%). In the study population (group 1 and group 2), In group 1 tea and paratha was the most used food item in breakfast comprised of 69% followed by tea and biscuit (56%) as morning snack while 57% take tea as afternoon snack and in lunch chapatti/roti with vegetable was consumed by 59% of study subjects. During evening snack 30% consumed green tea and 47% used chapatti/roti with vegetables in dinner. In group 2 14% used tea and roti in breakfast, 33% used only tea as morning snack while in after noon 27.5% used tea and biscuit as a snack, for lunch chapatti/roti with meat (16%) was intake, only tea was consumed as evening snack while in dinner again chapatti/roti with meat was consumed (19%). In terms of mean polyphenol intake maximum polyphenol was consumed in breakfast (433.8) which was followed by lunch and dinner evening meal (421.5), evening snack (369.9) while least polyphenol was consumed in afternoon snack (261.2) and morning snack (352.3). The median polyphenol intake was significantly high in males as compared to females in lunch (473.8 and 351.3 respectively) and afternoon timings (329.9 and 156.7 respectively).
Conclusion
The median polyphenol intake was significantly high in males as compared to females in lunch and afternoon timings. Future research should concentrate on the dietary consumption of certain polyphenols due to their range of antioxidant properties