Frontier in Medical & Health Research {FMHR} | ISSN (E) 3007-1607 (P) 3007-1593 | is a HEC & CPSP approved journal. FMHR is an open-access, quarterly, and double-blind peer-reviewed journal covering all areas of medical and health sciences from basic research to clinical and experimental work. The FMHR is committed to completing the double-blind peer-review process within one month and informing the author(s) accordingly. The FMHR is published by the Institute for Excellence in Education and Research (IEER), duly registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) under registration number 0224595.
Institute for Excellence in Education & Research
PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILE, TOXICOLOGICAL PROPERTIES, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, AND TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL USES OF Rhazya stricta Decne.: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
Rhazya stricta Decne. is a significant medicinal plant widely utilized as an indigenous herbal remedy Leaf extracts possess greater antioxidant activity and are associated with higher levels of polyphenols and flavonoids. in countries such as Pakistan, Afghanistan, India and Iran. Research aimed to conduct a review of Rhazya stricta possessses phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological qualities It is widely Used in medicine and contain several secondary metabolites such as alkaloids and flavonoids a responsible for its antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic and anticancer properties. Leaf extracts possess greater antioxidant activity and are associated with higher levels of polyphenols and flavonoids. The results are discussed in the context of existing literature the highlight their scientist and medicinal significance.
Rhazya stricta, phytochemistry, medicinal plants, toxicity, antioxidant
ANTHROPOGENIC CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE MICROBIAL BIOSPHERE: ECOLOGICAL FEEDBACKS AND MULTISCALE CONSEQUENCES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL, AGRICULTURAL, AND HUMAN HEALTH SYSTEMS
The climate crisis poses an unparalleled threat to Earth's biota and the meticulously calibrated habitats that have shaped their evolution. Microorganisms are among the most vulnerable parts of this global problem, yet they are also among the most important ones that people do not understand. Climate-driven stressors threaten not only the survival of microbes but also the functional stability of the ecosystems they support, including their critical symbiotic relationships with hosts and their contributions to biogeochemical cycling. Microbial communities exist along a spectrum of human impact, ranging from untouched wilderness to highly managed landscapes and densely populated urban areas. These communities form intricate, multi-scale feedback loops that function at both the molecular and ecosystem levels. These interconnected dynamics make it very hard to predict how microbes will respond to climate change and how those changes will affect the health of the planet. In this article, we summarize what we know about how climate change affects the dynamics of microbes and microbiomes that are important to human, plant, and ecosystem health. In each domain, we first talk about what we know about how climate and microbes interact and how this affects their functions. Next, we identify high-priority research frontiers by highlighting promising areas that need thorough testing and integration with other fields. Lastly, we suggest a single framework for microbial ecology that connects fields that have been kept separate in the past. This framework focuses on the need for research across systems and the potential of microbiome-informed strategies as climate-resilient interventions. This perspective promotes a comprehensive strategy for preserving the microbial underpinnings of planetary health amid rapid climate change, drawing from environmental microbiology, host–microbe symbiosis, and Earth system science.
Health & Medical care, food production, soil microbiota; ecosystem cycles; the greenhouse gas; plant microorganisms; antibiotic resistance; phytopathogen; infectious vector-borne pathogens; opportunistic organisms; and the goals of sustainable development
IMPACT OF AUGMENTATIVE AND ALTERNATIVE COMMUNICATION ON THE INCLUSION OF HEARING-IMPAIRED CHILDREN IN MAINSTREAM CLASSROOMS
Background: Inclusive education means giving every student, including those who are deaf, a chance to learn with their classmates. Kids who are deaf may find it hard to communicate, take part in class, and make friends. Tools like captioning, sign language, and devices that help speak can help these students join in with others in regular classrooms. Objective: To assess the impact of AAC on the inclusion of hearing-impaired children in mainstream classrooms. Methods: A study was done with 49 speech-language pathologists who had at least six months of experience working with students who are hearing-impaired. The data was gathered through an online questionnaire that included questions about the people's background, the types of augmentative and alternative communication tools they used, and their views on how these tools affected students' participation in class. The results were summarized using basic statistics to show how often certain things happened and the average scores, and chi-square tests were used to see if there was a connection between the gender of the students and how much they were involved in class activities. Results: Of the participants, 77.6% were female. Captioning or real-time subtitles (40.8%) and sign language (28.6%) were the most frequently used AAC tools. High mean scores were reported for AAC helping students understand lessons (4.57), express themselves (4.49), interact with peers (4.73), participate in class (4.68), and as a necessary support in inclusive classrooms (4.88). Most respondents agreed that AAC improves classroom participation (87.8% agree, 10.2% strongly agree). Chi-square analysis revealed no significant association between gender and perceptions of classroom participation improvement (χ² = 0.312, p = 0.856). Conclusion: AAC is a helpful tool that helps hearing-impaired students communicate, join in activities, and interact with others in regular classrooms. Its benefits can be fully used when it is included in the teaching plan, teachers get proper training, and there is good support in the classroom, which helps create an inclusive learning environment and allows students to take part meaningfully.
Augmentative and alternative communication, AAC, hearing impairment, inclusive education, classroom participation, social interaction
EVALUATION OF ALLOXAN-INDUCED FUNCTIONAL ALTERATIONS IN THE PANCREAS, OVARIES, AND KIDNEYS OF FEMALE RABBITS
This study evaluated the biochemical, hormonal, and histopathological effects of alloxan-induced diabetes on the pancreas, ovaries, and kidneys of female rabbits. Animals were divided into control, partial diabetic, and complete diabetic groups based on fasting blood glucose concentrations. A progressive increase in fasting blood glucose was observed, with complete diabetic rabbits exhibiting the highest levels (18.3 ± 1.6 mmol/L), followed by partial diabetics (12.0 ± 1.1 mmol/L), and controls (5.2 ± 0.4 mmol/L). Serum insulin levels showed an inverse trend, declining from 18.2 ± 2.4 µIU/mL in controls to 3.9 ± 0.8 µIU/mL in complete diabetics. Pancreatic injury was confirmed by rising serum amylase activity, increasing from 420 ± 35 U/L in controls to 560 ± 48 U/L in complete diabetics, and by histopathological scores demonstrating minimal structural alteration in controls (0.2 ± 0.4), moderate degeneration in partial diabetics (2.0 ± 0.5), and severe damage in complete diabetics (3.2 ± 0.4). Reproductive hormone analysis revealed a significant decline in ovarian function with disease progression. Estradiol concentrations decreased from 52 ± 6 pg/mL in controls to 21 ± 4 pg/mL in complete diabetics, while progesterone levels dropped from 6.1 ± 0.8 ng/mL to 1.8 ± 0.4 ng/mL. Correspondingly, ovarian weight was reduced from 1.22 ± 0.10 g in controls to 0.71 ± 0.07 g in complete diabetics, with a marked fall in antral follicle count (8.0 ± 1.0 vs. 2.1 ± 1.0). Renal impairment was evident through a consistent rise in serum creatinine (0.70 ± 0.06 mg/dL in controls vs. 1.42 ± 0.15 mg/dL in complete diabetics) and blood urea nitrogen (15 ± 2 mg/dL vs. 35 ± 4 mg/dL). Urinary protein excretion followed a similar pattern, increasing ten-fold in complete diabetics (120 ± 28 mg/dL) compared to controls (12 ± 4 mg/dL). Kidney histopathology confirmed progressive glomerular and tubular injury, with mean lesion scores rising from 0.3 ± 0.4 in controls to 3.0 ± 0.5 in complete diabetics. Overall, the findings demonstrate that alloxan administration produces a dose-dependent metabolic disorder leading to severe pancreatic β-cell destruction, impaired ovarian hormone production and folliculogenesis, and progressive renal tissue degeneration. These results highlight the systemic impact of chemically induced diabetes and provide a useful model for studying endocrine-metabolic interactions and organ-specific diabetic pathology in female mammals.
Alloxan, Diabetes mellitus, Pancreas, Ovaries, Kidney function, Female rabbits, biochemical changes, histopathology
CROSS-SECTIONAL ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND MANAGEMENT OF CONJUNCTIVITIS
Conjunctivitis, usually popular as pink eye, is a swelling of conjunctiva, the clear-cut of tops bright part of the eye and essential surface of eyelids. This project aims to determine an inclusive understanding of conjunctivitis, including appeal analysis, scientific manifestations, characteristic plans, and medication alternatives. The study explores miscellaneous types of conjunctivitis, containing bacterial, allergic, and synthetic agents, highlight their specific causes and indicative differences. The information review synthesizes current research judgments on the pathophysiology and epidemiology of conjunctivitis, while the scientific study determines real-experience observations of ailment predominance, presentation, and medication. Patient record was checked to diagnose common patterns in expressions, demonstrative tests, and hospitalization efficacy. The judgments tell that growing conjunctivitis is ultimate prevalent form, frequently guide adenoviruses, with runny discharge and a stinging perception Microbial conjunctivitis commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, usually produces a thicker, yellow-green discharge. Allergic conjunctivitis is connected to incidental allergens, itching and pink coloring of the eye, because synthetic conjunctivitis results from irritants and presents with variable signs of illness or problems. The study underlines the significance of precise disease and personalized medication plans, underlining the need for public knowledge to prevent the spread of conjunctivitis. Recommendations for scientific practice involve enhanced diagnostic codes and patient instructions to improve early detection and active administration of conjunctivitis. This project donates valuable intuitions to the field of ophthalmology, aiming to help patient effects and community health methods related to conjunctivitis.
COMPARISON OF FREQUENCY OF LATE ONSET SEPSIS IN BREAST FED AND BOTTLE FED FULL TERM INFANTS
Introduction: Late-onset sepsis (LOS) remains a significant cause of morbidity in full term infants. While breast milk contains bioactive components with immunoprotective properties, limited data exists comparing LOS rates between breast-fed and formula-fed full term infants. This study aimed to assess the frequency of LOS between these feeding groups and identify potential protective effects of breast milk. Methodology: This prospective cohort study enrolled 200 full term infants (≥37 weeks gestation) with birth weight ≥2500 grams, equally divided between breast-fed (n=100) and formula-fed (n=100) groups. Infants with major congenital anomalies, evidence of early-onset sepsis, or maternal chorioamnionitis were excluded. Feeding patterns were documented during the first 30 days of life. Stratified analyses were performed for gestational age, birth weight, gender, delivery mode, antibiotic exposure, and socioeconomic status. Results: Overall LOS incidence was 8.0%, with 4.0% in breast-fed versus 12.0% in formula-fed infants (p=0.065). Significant protective effects of breastfeeding were observed in specific subgroups: female infants (0% vs 15.6%, p=0.006), infants ≤39 weeks gestation (0% vs 20.3%, p=0.001), vaginally delivered infants (0% vs 12.3%, p=0.006), and those from low socioeconomic status (0% vs 28.6%, p=0.021). Conclusion: Breast-fed full term infants demonstrated lower LOS incidence compared to formula-fed counterparts. These findings support the importance of breastfeeding promotion to reduce infection-related morbidity in full term infants, especially in vulnerable populations.
Late-Onset Sepsis, Breastfeeding, Formula Feeding, Full Term Infants, Neonatal Infection, Infection Prevention.
EFFECT OF DAPAGLIFLOZIN ON SERUM ELECTROLYTES IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
Background Dapagliflozin, a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, is increasingly used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) due to its glycemic and cardiometabolic benefits. However, its effects on serum electrolyte balance remain a subject of clinical interest, as subtle shifts in sodium and potassium levels may influence treatment safety and renal outcomes. Objective To assess the effect of dapagliflozin therapy on serum sodium and potassium levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Study Design Quasi-experimental study. Duration and Place of Study The study was conducted from 18th January, 2025 to 1st July, 2025 at Sharif Medical City Hospital, Lahore. Methodology A total of 190 patients aged 30–60 years with diagnosed T2DM were enrolled. Participants received dapagliflozin 10 mg daily for three months. Serum sodium and potassium levels were measured at baseline and after 3 months of treatment. Demographic variables, diabetes duration, and body mass index (BMI) were recorded. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20, and stratified analysis was performed based on age, gender, BMI, and duration of diabetes. A post-stratification T-test was applied, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results The mean age of participants was 46.51 ± 8.28 years, with 71.6% males. Dapagliflozin therapy led to a statistically significant increase in mean serum sodium and potassium levels after three months (p < 0.001 for both). Stratified analysis revealed greater sodium increases in females, older adults, and those with longer diabetes duration, while potassium increases were more pronounced in younger patients and those with higher BMI. No adverse electrolyte disturbances were observed. Conclusion Dapagliflozin is associated with a mild but statistically significant increase in serum sodium and potassium levels, indicating its renal safety and stable electrolyte profile in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Dapagliflozin, Sodium, Potassium, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Electrolyte balance, SGLT2 inhibitors
COMPARISON OF THE EFFICACY OF INTENSE PULSED LIGHT (IPL) AND NEODYMIUM-DOPED YTTRIUM ALUMINIUM GARNET (ND: YAG) LASER IN THE TREATMENT OF FACIAL HIRSUTISM
Background: Facial hirsutism is a common cosmetic and psychological concern among women, often resulting from hormonal imbalance or idiopathic causes. Objective: To compare the efficacy of long-pulsed Nd:YAG laser and IPL therapy in the treatment of facial hirsutism among female patients. Methodology: This randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Department of Dermatology, Gujranwala Medical College Teaching Hospital, Gujranwala, from 18th January, 2025 to 18th July, 2025. A total of 60 female patients aged 18–50 years with clinically diagnosed facial hirsutism were enrolled through non-probability consecutive sampling and randomly divided into two groups using the lottery method. Group A received treatment with long-pulsed Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm), while Group B underwent IPL therapy (755 nm). Each patient received multiple sessions over 12 weeks. Results: The mean age of participants was 28.9 ± 6.0 years. Excellent response was achieved in 27 patients (90.0%) in the Nd:YAG group compared to 5 patients (16.7%) in the IPL group (p < 0.001). Mild, transient erythema and edema were the most common side effects, resolving spontaneously in both groups. No cases of scarring, blistering, or persistent pigmentation were reported. Conclusion: It is concluded that long-pulsed Nd:YAG laser is significantly more effective than intense pulsed light for the treatment of facial hirsutism. It achieves superior hair reduction, higher patient satisfaction, and minimal adverse effects. Given its deeper follicular penetration in darker skin tones, Nd:YAG laser should be considered the preferred modality for managing facial hirsutism.
Facial hirsutism, Nd:YAG laser, Intense pulsed light, Hair reduction, Laser therapy
FREQUENCY OF DYSLIPIDEMIA IN PATIENTS WITH HYPERTENSION AT SHALAMAR HOSPITAL
Introduction: Hypertension and dyslipidemia coexist not by chance but more often, chance of coronary heart disease increases if these two exist in a body. According to major health concerns, hypertension is the major concern now a day for coronary vascular disease and most of the people were found with dyslipidemia, aging cause simultaneously changes in large arteries and inversely impact the heart and vital organs. Objective: To determine the frequency of dyslipidemia in patients having hypertension in Medicine department of Shalamar Hospital, Lahore. Study Design: Cross Sectional Study, conducted from 5th June 2023 to 5th December 2023 Setting: Medicine Department of Shalamar Hospital Lahore. Methods: A total of 200 patients of both gender with hypertension were included in the study. Blood samples were taken after overnight fasting to confirm dyslipidemia. Patients diagnosed with dyslipidemia received appropriate care. Results: The study analyzed 200 hypertensive patients with a mean age of 40.915±10.60 years and mean hypertension duration of 7.945±4.89 years. Gender distribution revealed 55% males and 45% females. Overall dyslipidemia prevalence was 53.5%. Conclusion: Our study has concluded that dyslipidemia frequently coexists with hypertension.
Hypertension, Dyslipidemia, Frequency, Blood, Patients
FREQUENCY OF HYPERTENSION IN METABOLIC DYSFUNCTION ASSOCIATED STEATOTIC LIVER DISEASE PATIENTS
Background: Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is one of the most prevalent chronic liver disorders worldwide and is closely linked with components of the metabolic syndrome such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia. Objective: To determine the frequency of hypertension in patients with metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of General Medicine, King Edward Medical University/Mayo Hospital, Lahore, from 13th January, 2025 to 13th June, 2025. A total of 96 MASLD patients aged 18–80 years were enrolled through non-probability consecutive sampling. Demographic data including age, gender, BMI, smoking history, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia were recorded. All patients underwent abdominal ultrasonography to confirm MASLD. Results: The mean age of participants was 48.6 ± 11.2 years; 58.3% were males and 41.7% females. The mean BMI was 29.8 ± 4.6 kg/m². Hypertension was present in 46 patients (47.9%). The prevalence of hypertension was significantly higher among males (55.4%), obese individuals (63.0%), diabetics (70.6%), and those with dyslipidemia (69.2%) (p < 0.05 for all). Increasing age and male gender were also significantly associated with hypertension. Conclusion: It is concluded that hypertension is highly prevalent among patients with MASLD, reflecting the shared metabolic pathways between hepatic steatosis and cardiovascular dysfunction. Male gender, obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia were significant predictors of hypertension.
Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease, Hypertension, Obesity, Diabetes mellitus, Dyslipidemia
FREQUENCY OF HEART FAILURE WITH PRESERVED EJECTION FRACTION (HFPEF) IN HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS
Background: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is increasingly recognized among hypertensive patients and remains an under-diagnosed clinical entity. Early diagnosis is essential to reduce morbidity and optimize therapeutic strategies. Objective: To determine the frequency of HFpEF among hypertensive patients and evaluate associated clinical and echocardiographic characteristics. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Rehmatulil Alameen Institute of Cardiology, PESSI Hospital, Lahore over a period of 06 months, after obtaining approval from the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan (CPSP). A total of 163 hypertensive adult patients fulfilling inclusion criteria were enrolled through consecutive sampling. Clinical evaluation, laboratory investigations, and transthoracic echocardiography were performed. HFpEF was defined as presence of heart failure symptoms/signs, left ventricular ejection fraction ≥50%, and evidence of diastolic dysfunction or structural cardiac abnormality. Results: The frequency of HFpEF among hypertensive patients was 27.1%. Patients with HFpEF were older and had higher BMI, left atrial volume index, and E/e' ratio compared to those without HFpEF. Diabetes and chronic kidney disease were also more prevalent in the HFpEF group. Conclusion: A significant proportion of hypertensive patients presenting to a tertiary cardiac care center were found to have HFpEF. Advanced age, obesity, diabetes, and renal dysfunction were strong predictors. Routine incorporation of echocardiographic screening and early risk-factor modification may improve timely diagnosis and clinical outcomes in this high-risk population
Heart failure, HFpEF, Hypertension, Echocardiography, Diastolic dysfunction, PESSI Lahore
IMPROVING CENTRAL LINE HANDLING PERFORMANCE IN CRITICAL CARE NURSES USING NURSE-LED INTERVENTION: A REVIEW ARTICLE
Background: A central line is used for various purposes, including measuring central venous pressure, administering medication and fluids, and transfusing blood, particularly in critically ill patients. The quality of central line handling after insertion has a direct impact on patient complications, as well as the acquisition of hospital-associated infections (HAIs). Educational and practice sessions have been proposed as an intervention to enhance the central line handling. Objectives: This review critically evaluates and synthesizes existing literature on the effectiveness of nurse-led interventions while handling the central line by critical care nurses. Methods and Materials: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases, including CINHAL, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) and a publication date filter from 2018 to 2025 were applied. Results: Evidence from reviewed studies demonstrates that the use of Nurse-Led interventions significantly improves patients’ serious complications, including hematoma, thrombosis, pneumothorax, and hospital-associated infection. These evidence-based studies correlate to effective outcomes of patients, including decreased hospital stay, mortality, and morbidity & also decreased rate of central line-associated bloodstream infection.
Central line handling, Critical Care Nurses, Nurse-Led Intervention.
EXPLORING AWARENESS AND ATTITUDE AMONG NURSES TOWARDS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN FATIMA MEMORIAL HOSPITAL LAHORE PAKISTAN
Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare holds promise to address these issues by integrating real-world data-driven insights into patient care processes. Globally, healthcare systems strive to provide the highest quality of care at a reasonable cost while guaranteeing widespread access for all populations. Objective: The study aims to assess the attitude and level of awareness among nurses toward AI. Material and Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted across the Fatima Memorial Hospital in Lahore, Pakistan to gather insights from nurses regarding AI. Data collection occurred within three-month period using an adapted structured questionnaire. The study sample included 171 registered nurses, each with at least one year of clinical experience, selected through convenience sampling. The survey was divided into three key sections: demographic data, an evaluation of participants' knowledge about artificial intelligence, and a scale measuring their general attitudes toward AI. Results: Nurses displayed “High awareness” toward AI technology, with 95.3% having basic information about AI and only 74.3% (127 nurses) were considered “aware” of AI as they dealt with one of its healthcare applications. 49.1% Nurses expressed openness to AI integration on one side, but also had some concerns about AI. Nurses expressed conservative attitudes toward AI, with significant differences observed based on years of nursing experience (χ² = 8.07, p < 0.05). However, other demographic characteristics did not reveal significant variations in attitudes. Conclusion: Healthcare leaders should boost nurses' AI awareness and promote its integration into practice. Addressing concerns about AI control, especially across generations, as younger nurses are generally more tech-positive is essential. Change management can help to ease adoption barriers.
ONG NURSES TOWARDS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
FATIMA MEMORIAL HOSPITAL LAHORE PAKISTAN
UTILITY OF BODY MASS INDEX AND WAIST–HIP RATIO AS PREDICTORS OF POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME AND OVARIAN MORPHOLOGY IN REPRODUCTIVE-AGE WOMEN
Background: certain morphology of the ovaries. PCOS is one of the most common endrocrine disorders in women of reproductive ages. PCOS also has a strong relationship with central obesity. Central obesity increases insulin resistance, which are some of the causes of hyperandrogenism and the severity of PCOS. PCOS morphological features could be predicted with simple and inexpensive measures such as Body mass index (BMI) and waist–hip ratio (WHR). The objective of this study is to establish the link between BMI and WHR to predict PCOS and their correlational parameters with ovarian morphology and serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels. Methods: Data was gathered for an analytical cross-sectional study for 100 women of reproductive age (18-40 years). They were allocated equally to each group of women with PCOS and without PCOS according to the 2003 Rotterdam criteria. Anthropometric, clinical, biochemical, and ultrasonographic data were collected. To compare the means of BMI and WHR for the two groups, an independent-samples t-test was performed. WHR and the ovarian morphological parameters were correlated using Spearman’s correlation, as were the associations of AMH with BMI and WHR. Results: Women with PCOS exhibited significantly higher BMI (30.8 ± 5.1 kg/m² vs. 24.9 ± 3.9 kg/m²; p = 0.001) and WHR (0.87 ± 0.06 vs. 0.81 ± 0.05; p = 0.002) compared with non-PCOS controls. A strong positive correlation was observed between WHR and total follicle count (r = 0.42, p = 0.002), while WHR was negatively correlated with average follicle size (r = –0.35, p = 0.008). Serum AMH levels were markedly higher in the PCOS group (7.9 ± 2.4 ng/mL vs. 3.1 ± 1.6 ng/mL; p < 0.001) and positively correlated with both BMI (r = 0.36, p = 0.009) and WHR (r = 0.42, p = 0.004). Conclusion: BMI and WHR are reliable anthropometric predictors of PCOS and associated morphological changes in the ovaries. Higher BMI and WHR have been associated with increased numbers of follicles, smaller sized follicles, and higher AMH levels, demonstrating the impact of obesity and central fat distribution on ovarian dysfunction. The use of these uncomplicated metrics in clinical evaluation will help clinicians identify and manage women who are likely to develop PCOS. Early intervention may enhance outcomes in the metabolic and reproductive health of these women.
COMPARING CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS IN SULFONYLUREA VS. METFORMIN USERS: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY
Background: Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) impacts health at the global level, and the risks associated with CVD stacks onto the burden posed by T2DM. CVD risks and impacts rank the highest as morbidity and mortality factors in populations with diabetes. Among the antidiabetic drugs, particularly between metformin and sulfonylureas, the cardiovascular safety is still under research. This study focuses on evaluating cardiovascular events in T2DM patients who are on metformin therapy and those who are on sulfonylureas therapy in a tertiary care facility in Pakistan. Methods: This retrospective observational study focuses on 450 T2DM patients. Only those patients, on monotherapy metformin or sulfonylureas for 6 months or more, were included. From the patients’ medical records, and according to the study framework, data were extracted on sociodemographic variables, the duration of diabetes, comorbidities, and the records of cardiovascular (MI, stroke, HF, angina, and composite events) outcomes. Statistical analysis was conducted on SPSS 26.0, and the association of class of drug with the cardiovascular outcomes was assessed using the chi-square test, with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: Among the 450 participants, the majority were men (62.7%), with the largest age group (50%) being 40-50 years old. Among those surveyed, 50.2% and 62.2% had hypertension and dyslipidemia, respectively. There were no significant differences among users of metformin and users of sulfonylureas in the total rates of individual cardiovascular outcomes (myocardial infarction (38.4%), stroke (9.1%), heart failure (19.1%), angina (33.1%)). However, metformin users had a lower incidence of total cardiovascular events (5.3%) as compared to sulfonylurea users (4.6%) which was statistically significant (p=0.043). The type of antidiabetic therapy was also strongly associated with the presence of hypertension and dyslipidemia (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Metformin therapy was correlated with a slightly lower incidence of total cardiovascular events compared to sulfonylurea therapy, validating metformin's first-line status for T2DM. While glycemic control is needed and sulfonylureas provide that, caution is recommended in the presence of significant cardiovascular risk factors. Addressing systemic issues related to hypertension and dyslipidemia along with total adherence to diabetes therapy will achieve the maximum cardiovascular outcomes for patients with diabetes.
IMPACT OF DIETARY INTERVENTION ON THYROID FUNCTION IN PATIENT WITH HASHIOMOTO THYROID DISEASE
Background: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is a common autoimmune disorder leading to hypothyroidism, driven by chronic lymphocytic infiltration and antibody-mediated thyroid destruction. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a structured dietary intervention on thyroid hormone profile and autoimmune markers in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Methods: This prospective interventional study was conducted at Services Hospital, Lahore from January 2025 to June 2025. 105 patients aged 18–60 years were included in this study. Participants followed a 12-week structured dietary plan emphasizing selenium- and vitamin D–rich foods, omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and avoidance of processed or inflammatory foods. Baseline and post-intervention assessments included serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4), free triiodothyronine (fT3), anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO), and anti-thyroglobulin (anti-Tg) antibodies. Results: Out of 105 patients, 87 (82.9%) were female and 18 (17.1%) male, with a mean age of 38.6 ± 9.4 years. After 12 weeks, mean TSH decreased from 6.9 ± 2.3 to 4.8 ± 1.9 mIU/L (p < 0.001), fT4 increased from 0.83 ± 0.16 to 0.95 ± 0.15 ng/dL (p = 0.002), and fT3 rose from 2.4 ± 0.6 to 2.8 ± 0.7 pg/mL (p = 0.011). Anti-TPO titers declined from 420 ± 170 to 310 ± 160 IU/mL (p < 0.001) and anti-Tg from 280 ± 110 to 210 ± 100 IU/mL (p = 0.004). Strong positive correlations were observed between reductions in antibody titers and improvements in thyroid hormones (r = 0.61–0.68, p < 0.001). Conclusion: It is concluded that structured dietary intervention significantly improves thyroid function and reduces autoimmune activity in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Incorporating anti-inflammatory, nutrient-dense foods and correcting micronutrient deficiencies may serve as an effective adjunct to conventional therapy.
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, dietary intervention, autoimmune thyroid disease, thyroid hormones, selenium, Patients
BREASTFEEDING AND WEANING PRACTICES AMONG MOTHERS OF INFANTS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Breastfeeding provides optimal nutrition for infants and is widely recognized for its extensive biological, psychological, immunological, and developmental benefits. It plays a critical role in reducing infant morbidity and mortality by strengthening immune responses and fostering maternal-infant bonding. Colostrum, the first form of milk produced post-delivery, is rich in antibodies and crucial for neonatal health. Weaning—the gradual introduction of semi-solid and solid foods—becomes essential after six months of age to meet increasing nutritional demands that breast milk alone can no longer fulfill. However, the transition from exclusive breastfeeding to complementary feeding is often influenced by a complex interplay of cultural, socioeconomic, and educational factors. This systematic review investigates breastfeeding and weaning knowledge, attitudes, and practices among mothers, with a particular focus on Pakistan and comparable developing regions. A total of 69 peer-reviewed studies published between 2016 and 2020 were analyzed using data sourced from PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and national academic repositories. Findings reveal significant disparities in breastfeeding initiation times, exclusive breastfeeding durations, and the nature and timing of weaning practices. Key influencing factors include maternal education level, employment status, household income, healthcare accessibility, urban-rural divide, traditional beliefs, and misinformation. Despite global advocacy, many mothers lack practical knowledge or face socio-cultural barriers that hinder optimal feeding practices. Inappropriate weaning or premature cessation of breastfeeding contributes to malnutrition, stunted growth, and vulnerability to infectious diseases. The review underscores the urgent need for culturally sensitive public health interventions, targeted education campaigns, and supportive health policies to promote effective breastfeeding and weaning practices.
Breastfeeding practices, Weaning practices, Infant nutrition, Colostrum, Exclusive breastfeeding, Maternal health, Public health interventions, Infant morbidity, Maternal education, Pakistan
Objective: Oxidative stress, resulting from an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defenses, plays a significant role in migraine pathogenesis. This study contributes to ongoing research by focusing on oxidative stress as a potential cause of migraine, specifically through the comparison of biochemical markers superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Study Design: This was a case control study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the Neuro OPD of PNS Shifa Hospital; Karachi. The ethical approval was taken from Bahria University Health Sciences Karachi (BUHSCK). The duration of the study was 6 months it started in February 2024- July 2024. Methodology: Migraine patients between age 20-40 years were included in cases and healthy participants were included in controls. The calculated sample size of 246 subjects were divided into two groups, out which 123 were cases and 123 were controls. Venous blood sample was taken for measuring SOD & MDA. The obtained results were statistically analyzed by SPSS version 23. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Baseline characteristics showed no significant differences between controls and migraine patients in age, BMI, SBP, and DBP (p > 0.05), except for temperature, which was significantly lower in migraine patients (p = 0.027). Median levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were 41 nm/mL (IQR = 29) and 2 U/mL (IQR = 1) in controls, and 10 nm/mL (IQR = 4) and 4 U/mL (IQR = 1) in migraine patients, respectively. The Mann–Whitney U test revealed a significant difference in both SOD and MDA levels between the groups (p < 0.01), indicating increased oxidative stress in migraine patients. Conclusion: Our study concludes that migraine patients exhibit reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels and elevated malondialdehyde (MDA), highlighting the involvement of oxidative stress in migraine pathogenesis. These findings may help healthcare professionals develop more targeted management strategies addressing underlying oxidative stress
STOOL COLOR CARD: A SCREENING TOOL TO PREDICT BILIARY ATRESIA - EXPERIENCE AT A TEACHING HOSPITAL IN PAKISTAN
Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of Stool Color Card (SCC), as a screening tool in predicting Biliary Atresia (BA), in cholestatic infants up to 3 months (90 days) of age. Study Design: Prospective cohort study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Child Health Sciences, Lahore; 10th March 2024 to 28th August 2024. Materials & Methods: Infants up to 3 months of age, presenting with cholestatic jaundice, were enrolled. Mothers of these infants, were asked to fill the stool color card, by matching the stool color of their baby. These infants were divided into group A (abnormal stool color) and group B (normal stool color). Both groups were followed up, for a final diagnosis of Biliary Atresia. Infants who screened as true positive and true negative by the stool color card were noted; sensitivity, specificity of the stool color card was calculated. Results: Out of total 56 patients enrolled, 33 were male and 23 were female. 46/56 infants had abnormal (acholic) stool color - group A. Whereas, 10/56 babies had a normal (pigmented) stool color - group B. It was found that 22/56 babies in group A were diagnosed as Biliary Atresia. All 10 patients in group B, did not have biliary atresia. Sensitivity of SCC was 47.8%, Specificity was 100%, PPV was 100% and NPV was 29.4% according to our study. Conclusion: Stool color remains the most practical means of screening for biliary atresia in terms of its ease to use and its economic value. It requires little expertise for the screening purpose, while having a high specificity.
Stool color card, Cholestasis, Acholic stools, Biliary atresia
ASSOCIATION OF ACNE WITH FACE MASK USAGE IN PATIENTS PRESENTING IN THE OUTPATIENT DEPARTMENT AMIDST THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN LAHORE, PAKISTAN
Background: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, standard operating procedures such as mask usage have been set into place. They limit the transfer of infectious droplets and prevent contraction of the disease. They however, also create a hot and humid environment that blocks pilosebaceous units leading to acne. This study aimed to assess the association of acne with different factors of face mask usage in patients presenting to the OPD. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Mayo Hospital and Fatima Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. The questionnaire had three parts dealing with socio-demographic factors, details of facemask usage and details of acne respectively. Responses were collected and compiled into a written questionnaire, and the data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0. Results: Among 204 respondents, 86.8% were female. 106 (51.9%) patients observed an increase in acne severity and 98 (48%) patients observed a decreased/constant state of acne severity. Type of facemask used and treatment for acne were significantly associated with acne severity (p <0.05). No other variable including duration of mask usage, frequency of mask changing, skin type, use of comedogenic products, or frequency of face washing yielded significant results. Conclusion: Our study suggests that acne severity increases with the use of stronger masks such as N-95 and KN-95 as compared to cloth and surgical masks. This could contribute to the development of targeted interventions aimed at minimizing the risk of acne onset and flares in the general population.
acne, facemask, mask type, COVID-19 hello
WORK ABILITY AND OCCUPATIONAL FACTORS AMONG SHIFT NURSES IN LAHORE, PAKISTAN
Background: In Pakistan’s healthcare system, nurses form the backbone of hospital-based patient care and often face demanding working conditions, particularly under shift-based schedules. In Punjab, heavy workloads, staff shortages, and inconsistent rest cycles contribute to occupational strain, affecting both job satisfaction and work performance. Despite the significance of these issues, limited research has examined the relationship between shift work, job satisfaction, and work ability among nurses in tertiary hospitals. This study aimed to assess work ability levels and identify occupational factors influencing the work ability of shift-working nurses in Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 160 registered nurses working 8- and 12-hour rotating and fixed shifts at Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Mayo Hospital, and Services Hospital, Lahore. Data were collected using the Work Ability Index (WAI) and the Mueller/McCloskey Satisfaction Scale (MMSS) to measure job satisfaction. Statistical analyses included descriptive and correlation to explore associations between demographic, occupational, and satisfaction-related variables and work ability. Results: Work ability was significantly lower among nurses who were older, had longer work experience, and worked 12-hour rotating shifts (p < .05), while job satisfaction showed a moderate positive correlation with work ability (r = .347, p < .01). Additionally, shift type and living place were significantly associated (p < .05), indicating that nurses commuting from other cities were more likely to work extended shifts. Conclusion: The study concludes that both demographic and occupational factors, particularly extended shift schedules and lower job satisfaction, significantly reduce nurses’ work ability, underscoring the need for improved shift management and supportive workplace practices.
Work Ability, Job Satisfaction, Shift Work, Registered Nurses, Occupational Health, Work Ability Index
MEASURING FEAR OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AMONG NURSING STUDENTS: SCALE DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION
Background: The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in healthcare is transforming clinical practice by enhancing accuracy, efficiency, and patient care. Despite these advancements, AI adoption has triggered concerns among nursing students regarding job security, reliance on technology, and the erosion of human-centered values such as empathy and compassion. To date, no standardized tool exists for measuring fear of AI among nursing students. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 140 fourth-year BS Nursing students from Shalamar Nursing College, Rashid Latif Nursing College (RLNC), Saeeda Waheed FMH College of Nursing (SWCON), Doctors Hospital College of Nursing, and Inspire College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Lahore. Scale development followed a systematic process guided by a literature review. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were employed to evaluate construct validity, while content validity was ensured through expert panel review. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. Results: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a stable two-factor structure of the FtAIS, with factor loadings ranging from 0.62 to 0.85 and fit indices (CFI = 0.90, RMSEA = 0.075, SRMR = 0.057) demonstrating acceptable model adequacy. All items showed strong corrected item-to-total correlations (0.66–0.83) and good internal consistency, confirming the reliability and construct validity of the scale among nursing students with limited AI exposure. Conclusion: The study confirms that the FtAIS is a valid and reliable tool for measuring nursing students’ fear of artificial intelligence, even in groups with limited prior exposure to AI technologies
Nursing, Artificial Intelligence, Patient care, Tool development
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE & PRACTICES REGARDING FAMILY PLANNING AMONG THE WOMEN OF RURAL AREAS, LAHORE
Background: Family planning is a voluntary approach through which individuals and couples make informed decisions to limit or space births using contraceptive methods. It is strongly influenced by knowledge, attitudes, and responsible reproductive intentions. Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding family planning among married women living in rural areas of Lahore. Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the gynecology/obstetric OPD of Services Hospital, Lahore, over six weeks. A total of 128 married women aged 15–49 years were recruited using a self-constructed questionnaire covering socio-demographics and KAP indicators. Results: The mean age of participants was 26.22 ± 8.2 years. The contraceptive prevalence rate was 23.43%. Only 29.68% had good knowledge, while 54.68% showed a positive attitude toward family planning. Practices remained low, with 28.12% using OCPs and 71.87% not using any method. Significant associations were found between demographic variables and KAP (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Strengthening community health programs is essential to enhance knowledge, attitudes, and adoption of family planning practices among rural married women.
Family Planning; Contraceptive Use; Knowledge–Attitude–Practice (KAP); Rural Married Women
NEUROINFLAMMATION AND REGENERATION: THE DOUBLE-EDGED ROLE OF MICROGLIA
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Microglia, Neuroinflammation, Neuroregeneration, Cytokines, Oxidative Stress, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus
ASSOCIATION OF THE AMNIOTIC FLUID INDEX (AFI) WITH ADVERSE PERINATAL FETAL AND MATERNAL OUTCOMES IN PREGNANCIES COMPLICATED BY PRETERM PREMATURE RUPTURE OF MEMBRANES (PPROM)
Background: Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) is a significant obstetric complication contributing to preterm birth and adverse perinatal outcomes. Objective: To determine the association of amniotic fluid index (AFI) with adverse perinatal and maternal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by PPROM. Methodology: This prospective cohort study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahiwal Teaching Hospital, Sahiwal, from March 2025 to June 2025, on 60 women diagnosed with PPROM. Participants were divided into two groups: AFI < 5 cm (n = 30) and AFI ≥ 5 cm (n = 30). Data on maternal and neonatal outcomes, including cesarean delivery, chorioamnionitis, birth weight, NICU admission, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), and Apgar score <7 at 5 minutes, were recorded. Results: The mean birth weight was significantly lower in the AFI < 5 cm group (1455.2 ± 325.6 g) compared to the AFI ≥ 5 cm group (1618.9 ± 285.4 g; p = 0.03). Low Apgar scores (<7 at 5 minutes) were more frequent in the low AFI group (46.7% vs. 20.0%; p = 0.04). RDS (40.0% vs. 16.7%; p = 0.05) and NICU admissions (53.3% vs. 30.0%; p = 0.07) were also more common among low AFI cases. Maternal complications, including cesarean delivery (56.7% vs. 33.3%) and chorioamnionitis (33.3% vs. 13.3%), were higher in the AFI < 5 cm group. Conclusion: It is concluded that low AFI (<5 cm) in pregnancies complicated by PPROM is associated with a higher risk of adverse perinatal and maternal outcomes. Regular AFI monitoring can assist in timely decision-making, guiding delivery planning, and improving neonatal survival and maternal safety.
Amniotic fluid index, PPROM, preterm birth, perinatal outcome, chorioamnionitis
ROLE OF MICROBIAL CONTAMINANTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MALNUTRITION IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS WITH GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES
Objective: This longitudinal study aimed to investigate the role of microbial contaminants in food as contributing factors to malnutrition among pediatric patients diagnosed with gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. The research sought to identify associations between specific microbial profiles in consumed foods and the nutritional status of children, with the ultimate goal of developing evidence-based recommendations for improving food safety and hygiene practices within healthcare and community settings in Pakistan. Study Type: Longitudinal Study. Methods: The study was conducted over 18 months (January 2023 – June 2024) at the Department of Pediatrics of a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. A total of 220 pediatric patients aged 6 months to 12 years who were admitted with various GI diseases, including gastroenteritis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and chronic malabsorption syndromes, were enrolled. Food samples from hospital-provided and home-brought meals were analyzed for microbial contamination using culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based identification of bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Nutritional assessments were performed at baseline and follow-up intervals (3, 6, and 12 months) using anthropometric indicators (weight-for-age, height-for-age, and mid-upper arm circumference). The relationship between microbial contamination levels and nutritional deterioration was evaluated using regression analysis, adjusting for socioeconomic and environmental confounders. Results: The findings revealed that 67.3% of analyzed food samples were contaminated with at least one pathogenic microorganism, most commonly Escherichia coli (42.5%), Salmonella spp. (28.6%), and Staphylococcus aureus (24.1%). Children exposed to higher levels of foodborne microbial contaminants showed a significantly higher prevalence of undernutrition (p < 0.001) and slower recovery from GI illnesses. Multivariate regression indicated that bacterial contamination in food independently predicted a decline in weight-for-age z-scores (β = −0.46, 95% CI: −0.61 to −0.28, p < 0.001). Improvements in hygiene practices and caregiver food handling education were associated with a 31% reduction in new malnutrition cases at the 12-month follow-up. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that microbial contamination in food contributed significantly to malnutrition among pediatric patients with gastrointestinal diseases in Pakistan. Strengthening food hygiene education, enforcing safe food handling protocols, and regular microbiological surveillance are critical to preventing malnutrition and improving child health outcomes in similar low-resource healthcare settings.
Microbial contamination, Pediatric malnutrition, Gastrointestinal diseases, Foodborne pathogens, Pakistan, Longitudinal study, Nutrition, Hygiene practices, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Hospital food safety, Child health, public health, Food hygiene, Microbiota, Chronic diarrhea, Nutritional assessment, Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), Malabsorption, Microbial ecology.
PREVALENCE OF LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH COPD
Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) frequently coexist, causing significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of LVD in patients with COPD. Methods The cross-sectional study included a total of 200 participants: 100 COPD patients without any apparent cardiovascular disease and 100 controls. Patients were assessed using ECG tracing, spirometry, and transthoracic echocardiography which include both standard and tissue Doppler techniques. LV function was measured using LV ejection fraction (LVEF), E/A ratio, E/e′ ratio, left atrial volume index (LAVI), and peak velocity of tricuspid regurgitation (TR). All participants were analyzed based on their respiratory and left ventricular function findings. Results Prevalence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) was 21% in COPD patients as compared to 6% in controls (p = 0.003). Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) also differed considerably between the two, with 42% of COPD patients and 19% of controls presenting with LVDD (p < 0.001). FEV₁ was found to be inversely correlated to LVEF (r = -0.34, p < 0.01) and positively correlated with GOLD stage (r = 0.41, p < 0.001). LVD was an independent predictor of COPD (OR: 3.67; 95% CI 1.74–7.76, p < 0.001). Conclusion The prevalence of LVD was significantly greater in COPD patients, especially with increased disease progression. Performing routine cardiac screening in COPD patients can help prevent and treat coexisting LVD and improve disease outcome.
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, left ventricular dysfunction, echocardiography, cardiovascular disease, reduced ejection fraction
ECO-FRIENDLY FABRICATION OF ZINC OXIDE HYDROGEL NANOCOMPOSITES FOR BROAD-SPECTRUM ANTIBACTERIAL WOUND MANAGEMENT
Wound healing remains a major clinical challenge, especially in cases where bacterial infection and delayed tissue regeneration complicate recovery, emphasizing the need for multifunctional wound dressings that provide antimicrobial protection, moisture balance, and biocompatibility. In this study, chitosan–zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocomposite hydrogels were fabricated with varying ZnO concentrations (0%, 0.1%, 0.25%, and 0.5% w/v) and characterized to evaluate their suitability as advanced wound healing materials. FTIR analysis confirmed successful interaction between chitosan functional groups and ZnO nanoparticles, with observable shifts in O–H/N–H stretching and amide vibration bands. SEM imaging revealed uniformly dispersed ZnO nanoparticles with a size range of 40–70 nm, indicating controlled nanoscale formation. Swelling studies in PBS (pH 7.4) demonstrated moisture retention values of ~400% (0%), ~350% (0.1%), ~310% (0.25%), and ~245% (0.5%), showing a gradual decrease due to increased crosslinking and reduced pore interconnectivity. Mechanical testing showed tensile strength increased from 0.20 MPa (0% ZnO) to 0.28 MPa (0.1%), 0.37 MPa (0.25%), and 0.49 MPa (0.5%), confirming the reinforcing role of ZnO. Antibacterial assays exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (7–19 mm) and Escherichia coli (6–17 mm), demonstrating strong antimicrobial activity at higher ZnO loading. MTT cytotoxicity evaluation using L929 fibroblast cells showed all samples maintained viability above 75%, with the 0.25% ZnO hydrogel achieving the most favorable balance of cell compatibility (~84–86%) and functional performance. Overall, the 0.25% ZnO-loaded hydrogel exhibited optimal structural stability, antibacterial effectiveness, and biocompatibility, suggesting strong potential for clinical wound dressing applications.
Chitosan hydrogel, Zinc oxide nanoparticles, Wound healing, Antibacterial activity and Cytocompatibility
ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY EVALUATION OF A COPOLYMERIZED MIMOSA PUDICA SEED MUCILAGE ON RABBIT AS MODEL ANIMAL
In the drug development process, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) plays a crucial role. To ensure safety and efficacy, they undergo rigorous testing, and APIs can be approved for use in medications, paving the way for new treatments. Acute oral and dermal toxicity evaluations of a composite hydrogel synthesized from Mimosa pudica seed mucilage and methacrylic acid were conducted according to OECD 402 and 420 guidelines. In addition, using the Draize scoring system, an ocular toxicity study was conducted. The laboratory animals (rabbits) were categorized into four distinct groups. The animals of category A were served as controls and no dose was given to them and a single dose of composite hydrogel was administered to animals of categories B, C, and D. Throughout the 14 days of toxicity study period, all the animals were remained alive and any kind of significant adverse effects in animals was not observed. After 14 days, the blood analysis and biochemical test were performed. For organ weight measurement, the vital organs from the rabbits were taken. The findings collectively shows that the synthesized composite hydrogel is a safe material and can be used in drug delivery systems as a promising non-toxic excipient.
Polysaccharide, Hydrogel, Acute toxicity, Non-irritating, Clinical biochemistry
CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON OF ELDERLY QUALITY OF LIFE IN LAHORE, PAKISTAN AND OKINAWA, JAPAN USING WHOQOL-BREF
Background: The study explored differences in quality of life among elderly populations in Lahore, Pakistan, and Okinawa, Japan, focusing on how cultural, social, and environmental factors shape aging experiences. Objectives: To compare the physical, psychological, social, and environmental well-being of elderly individuals in two distinct cultural contexts and identify factors contributing to their overall life satisfaction. Methods: A cross-sectional comparative design was used. Participants included permanent residents aged 60 years and above in Lahore and 65 years and above in Okinawa, following WHO and local definitions of aging. Respondents were mentally alert, able to answer independently, and provided informed consent. Data were collected using the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire through structured interviews. Exclusions applied to non-permanent residents, individuals below the age threshold, those with severe cognitive impairment, and incomplete surveys. Descriptive and comparative statistical analyses were performed. Results: Elderly individuals in Okinawa reported higher scores in physical health, psychological well-being, and environmental satisfaction, attributed to advanced healthcare systems, strong community ties, and supportive infrastructure. Participants from Lahore showed higher satisfaction in social relationships but lower overall quality of life due to economic and environmental challenges. Conclusion: The study revealed that quality of life in old age is influenced by cultural norms, healthcare systems, and community engagement. Pakistan requires integrated strategies to improve elderly care through better health access, social participation, and living environments. Comparative insights provide a foundation for culturally tailored policies promoting healthy aging..