Frontier in Medical & Health Research {FMHR} | ISSN (E) 3007-1607 (P) 3007-1593 | is a HEC & CPSP approved journal. FMHR is an open-access, quarterly, and double-blind peer-reviewed journal covering all areas of medical and health sciences from basic research to clinical and experimental work. The FMHR is committed to completing the double-blind peer-review process within one month and informing the author(s) accordingly. The FMHR is published by the Institute for Excellence in Education and Research (IEER), duly registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) under registration number 0224595.
Institute for Excellence in Education & Research
EXPLORE LIBRARY ANXIETY AMONG UNDERGRADUATE ALLIED SCIENCE STUDENTS
Background: Library anxiety is a psychological barrier that limits students’ effective use of academic libraries, particularly among undergraduate allied sciences students who rely heavily on scholarly resources for evidence-based learning. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the level of library anxiety and identify its dominant contributing domains among undergraduate allied sciences students. Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted using a structured questionnaire to measure overall library anxiety and its sub-domains, including library environment, resources, staff interaction, user education, and user knowledge. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The findings showed that students experienced mild library anxiety, with the library environment domain emerging as the major contributor, followed by library resources, while staff interaction and user knowledge contributed comparatively less. The findings showed that students experienced mild library anxiety, with the library environment domain emerging as the major contributor, followed by library resources, while staff interaction and user knowledge contributed comparatively less. Among 270 students participated, with 1styear students comprising67(24.8%),2ndyear67(24.8%),3rdyear(24.8%)and69(25.6%)4thyear.The over all mean library anxiety scorewas2.94±0.18 indicating mild anxiety Conclusion: These findings confirm that library anxiety among allied sciences students is primarily driven by environmental factors such as unfamiliar settings and discomfort within library spaces. Targeted improvements in library environment and structured orientation programs may significantly reduce anxiety and enhance students’ academic engagement.
PERCEPTIONS AND PRACTICES OF NURSING STUDENTS IN THE PREVENTION OF HEALTHCARE ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS
Background: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) have remained a major public health concern worldwide, as they increase morbidity, mortality, length of hospital stay, and healthcare costs. Nursing students, as part of the healthcare workforce during their clinical training, are frequently exposed to hospital environments and invasive procedures, placing them at a higher risk of acquiring and transmitting infections. Assessing their perceptions and practices regarding infection prevention is therefore justified to identify gaps and to strengthen infection control measures, ultimately ensuring patient safety and improving the quality of healthcare services. Objective: The study aimed to assess the perceptions and practices of nursing students in the prevention of healthcare-associated infections. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 151 BSN(G) students of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th year at Begum Bilqees Sultana Institute of Nursing, PUMHSW, Shaheed Benazirabad. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, which included sections on demographic information, knowledge of HAIs, standard precautions, and hand hygiene practices. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26, applying descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The results showed that the majority of nursing students demonstrated a moderate level of knowledge regarding healthcare-associated infections and infection prevention measures. Approximately two-thirds of the participants were aware of common types of HAIs and standard precautions. However, less than half of the students consistently adhered to proper hand hygiene practices during clinical exposure. Gaps were also identified in the correct use of personal protective equipment and compliance with standard precautions, indicating a discrepancy between knowledge and actual practice. Conclusion: Although nursing students are aware of infection prevention principles, their actual practices require improvement. Strengthening infection prevention education, supervision, and continuous monitoring during clinical training is recommended to enhance compliance and reduce the risk of HAIs.
RE-EXPLORATION AFTER EMERGENCY LAPAROTOMY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS OF CAUSES, OUTCOMES, AND PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES
Background: Emergency laparotomy is linked with high morbidity and mortality, with re-exploration and surgical site infection being major contributors to poor outcomes. Randomized evidence on strategies to minimize the performance of a relaparotomy and decrease postoperative complications is fragmented. Objectives: To synthesize randomized controlled trial evidence of interventions to reduce re-exploration and postoperative complications after emergency laparotomy. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed in line with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Randomized controlled trials including adults undergoing emergency laparotomy were included. Primary outcomes were relaparotomy and postoperative death. Secondary outcomes were surgical site infection (SSI), fascial dehiscence and incisional hernia. Risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to conduct random-effects meta-analysis. Heterogeneity was tested using the I2 statistic. Results: Eleven randomized controlled trials involving 2,146 patients were included. In the case of severe peritonitis, the on-demand relaparotomy strategy reduced re-operations without an increase in mortality (RR for mortality 0.79, 95% CI 0.53-1.17). Three trials on SSI prevention showed a significant reduction in infection with subcutaneous suction drainage or negative pressure wound therapy (RR 0.35, 95% CI 0.21-0.58; I2 = 0%). Five trials involving interrupted or modified fascial closure compared to continuous closure had a non-significant trend on dehiscence (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.16-1.42; I2 = 67%). STITCH trial showed less incisional hernia with small-bite surgical closure in a heterogeneous group of surgery (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.42-0.94). Conclusion: Targeted wound management strategies have been found to significantly reduce surgical site infection after emergency laparotomy. Interrupted or altered closure methods may help decrease fascial dehiscence; however, the evidence remains inconsistent. An on-demand approach for relaparotomy reduces unnecessary re-operations without an increased mortality. Further high quality trials are required to standardize preventive strategies in emergency laparotomy
Emergency laparotomy; Relaparotomy; Re-exploration; Surgical site infection; Fascial dehiscence; Negative pressure wound therapy; Secondary peritonitis; Abdominal closure; Randomized controlled trials; Meta-analysis
A STUDY TO ASSESS DIFFERENCES IN STRESS LEVELS BETWEEN HOSTELLER AND NON-HOSTELLER UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
Background: Stress among university students has appeared as a critical concern in recent year due to its damaging impact on mental health and academic performance. Undergraduate students significantly experience stress and stress affect students` academic achievement. The prevalence of stress among undergraduate students is from 20.9% to 94.5%. Objective: To explore the differences in stress levels between hosteller and non-hosteller undergraduate students of PUMHSW. Material & Methods: A Comparative Cross-sectional study was conducted among 280 Undergraduate students 140 were hosteller while 140 were noon-hosteller at Peoples University of Medical and Health Science in Nawabshah. Students aged between 18-22 years who consented to participate were included and having any previous psychiatric history or history of drug abuse were excluded. Data were collected using a short version Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Frequencies, percentages, and Pearson correlation were applied to determine the associations. Results: The mean age of participants was 21.48 ±1.67years. The majority of the participants 82.50%, were belongs to middle class. Among the participants 140 (50.0%) was hosteller and 140(50.0%) participants was non-hosteller. Accommodation status were significantly associated with stress levels (p-value .034). The majority of the participants had extremely sever stress 125(44.6%), whereas severe stress 68(24.3%), normal stress 44(15.7%), moderate stress 32(11.4%), and mild stress 11(3.9%). Conclusion: The findings revealed that the majority of the participants experienced varying levels of stress, ranging from normal to extremely severe, non-hosteller experienced higher levels of stress compared to hosteller. Awareness sessions and positive relationships with family and friends can significantly reduce stress levels.
Stress, Undergraduate Students, Stress Levels, Hosteller, Non-hosteller
EMERGING TRENDS OUTBREAKS OF NIPAH VIRUS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
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Nipah virus, RNA virus, pandemics, zoonotic, humans
VISIBLE LIGHT - DRIVEN PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF DYE BY USING FeS/COAL FLY ASH
Water contamination caused by wastewater and dye chemicals is a growing menace that requires proper water treatment measures. This paper explores the photocatalytic properties of the iron sulfide prepared by using the coal fly ash (CFA) as a photocatalyst in degradation of rhodamine B dye in waste water. A hydrothermal method was applied in the synthesis of the FeS/CFA composite characterized by FTIR, XRD, and SEM-EDX. The efficiency of degradation of different factors including pH, catalyst concentration, dose of oxidant, and time of irradiation were tested. In order to optimize the parameters and evaluate the interactions of the variables, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used. The findings indicate that FeS/CFA composite could be a good solution to reduce dye pollution in water systems, where the top degradation effectiveness equals about 99. The optimized conditions were identified as, a concentration of catalyst of 20mg/50mL, a dose of 15mM of oxidant and a duration of 90 minutes of irradiation. The work is a step towards a more effective, cheaper and sustainable method of purifying water.
DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A NUTRITION EDUCATION PROGRAM USING 3D FOOD GUIDE PYRAMID MODELS FOR SCHOOL CHILDREN
The study aimed to assess the impact of a nutrition education program using 3D Food Guide Pyramid models on the nutrition knowledge of school children of grade (1-3). A quasi-experimental design was employed, with two groups of 18 students each. One group received nutrition education using a 3D Food Guide Pyramid model, while the other group was taught using conventional methods. Pre- and post-tests were conducted to evaluate the student's knowledge of food groups, nutrients, serving sizes, balanced diets, and healthy food choices. Results indicated no significant difference in knowledge between the two groups during the pre-test (p > 0.05). However, post-test results showed a significant improvement in the 3D model group compared to the conventional group (p < 0.05). The findings suggest that the use of 3D models in nutrition education significantly enhances children's understanding of dietary guidelines and healthy eating practices.
ASSESSMENT OF NURSES KNOWLEDGE REGARDING PRESSURE ULCER PREVENTION IN INTANSIVE CARE UNIT
Background: The Pressure ulcer (PU), is a skin injury, constitute a major global healthcare issue with significant clinical and economic repercussions. They are localized injuries to the skin and underlying soft tissue, primarily over bony prominences, caused by intense prolonged pressure and shear forces. These injuries lead to severe patient consequence including debilitating pain, increased risk of serious infections, extended hospital stays by an estimated 4 to 30 days, higher morbidity and mortality rates, and a substantially reduced quality of life Methodology: This study was Descriptive Analytical study design and conducted at PMCH Nawabshah from September to November 2025, and total randomly 100 nurses were enrolled following the inclusion criteria. . Result: The majority of the participants have good knowledge 60 (60%), moderate knowledge 32 (32%), and 8 (8%) participants have poor knowledge. Most of them were aged 25 to 35 years 77 (77.0%), and 36 to 45 years 17 (17.0%). Furthermore, majority of the participants were male 60 (60.00%) , and female 40 (40.00%). Moreover, BSN 71 (71.0 %) Diploma in Nursing 25 (25.0%), and remaining have MSN or Higher 4 (4.0%) have professional Nursing education. Conclusion: In this study revealed that the overall knowledge level of nurses was satisfactory. The majority of the participants (60%) demonstrated good knowledge level regarding pressure ulcer prevention, this study indicates that most of the participants adequate understanding and awareness.
COMPARISON OF RESPONSE RATE OF SORAFENIB VS LENVATINIB IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA PATIENTS
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. A large proportion of patients present with unresectable disease, where systemic therapy remains the cornerstone of management. Sorafenib and lenvatinib are tyrosine kinase inhibitors approved as first-line treatment for unresectable HCC; however, comparative data regarding their objective response rates in local populations are limited. Objective: To compare the objective response rate of sorafenib versus lenvatinib in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma Methodology: This randomized controlled trial was conducted in the Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Mayo Hospital, Lahore, from March 2025 to June 2025. A total of 70 patients with biopsy-proven hepatocellular carcinoma and underlying cirrhosis were enrolled using non-probability consecutive sampling. Patients were randomized into two equal groups: Group A received sorafenib (400 mg orally twice daily), and Group B received lenvatinib (8 mg orally once daily). Tumor response was assessed at three months using RECIST version 1.1 criteria. Objective response rate (ORR) was calculated as the sum of complete and partial responses. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results: The objective response rate was higher in the lenvatinib group compared to the sorafenib group. Lenvatinib demonstrated a greater proportion of partial responses, whereas stable disease was more commonly observed with sorafenib. The difference in ORR between the two groups was statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) Conclusion: Lenvatinib showed a significantly higher objective response rate compared to sorafenib in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, suggesting superior tumor control. Lenvatinib may be considered a preferred first-line systemic therapy in eligible HCC patients.
PREVALENCE OF MIGRAINE AMONG ADULT, AND ITS ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS AT PEOPLES MEDICAL COLLEGE HOSPITAL NAWABSHAH
Background: The world prevalence of migraine is estimated at 5–10% in the general population, but it is much higher in young adults, particularly females. In men, migraine is often underdiagnosed or confused as tension-type or sinus headache and, as a consequence, treated inadequately and delayed. Headache is one of the most common neurological disorders worldwide, and migraine is one of the most disabling forms. It is characterized by a recurrent unilateral throbbing headache, usually associated with nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia. Objectives of study: This study Determine the prevalence of migraine, and its associated risk factors among young adult at Peoples Medical College Nawabshah. Methodology: This study was a cross-sectional descriptive, in which non-probability convenience sampling was used. The sample size of this study was 169, and conducted from September to November 2025 at Peoples Medical College Nawabshah. conducted to determine the prevalence of migraine among adults attending the Nawabshah People’s Medical and Central Hospital (PMCH), Nawabshah. Results: The prevalence of migraine among male were (48.5%) and female (51.5%), Mean age of study subject 18 year, with S.D + 4.04789, minimum 12 year and maximum 38 years, and have significant association (p = .041). The most frequent symptoms of migraine reported were nausea, and sleep deprivation, sensitivity of light. Majority of participants were female. Moreover, recurrent severe headache was reported by 130 participant (76.92%), and have significant association (p=.003) Conclusion: This study concluded that prevalence of migraine, and associated risk factors at Peoples Medical College Hospital Nawabshah., further, this study also determined the its impact on daily life style
ASSESSMENT OF STUDENTS FEEDBACK REGARDING SUMMATIVE THEORETICAL EXAMINATION PATTERN OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
Background: Assessment strategies are a key component of higher education as they measure students’ learning outcomes and academic progress. In undergraduate programs, summative theoretical examinations commonly include Short Essay Questions (SEQs) and Best Choice Questions (BCQs). Gaining insight into students’ perceptions of these examination formats is important for improving assessment quality and ensuring effective evaluation. Objective: To examine undergraduate students’ feedback regarding the summative theoretical examination pattern and to identify their preferences and perceptions toward SEQs and BCQs. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among allied health sciences students residing in the New Campus Girls Hostel, Peoples University of Medical and Health Sciences (PUMHS), Nawabshah. A total of 278 allied health students were included in the study using a non-probability sampling technique. Female students who were enrolled in allied health programs, aged 18 years and above, and who gave informed consent were included in the study. Students who were unwilling to participate were excluded. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire consisting of two sections: socio-demographic characteristics and questions related to the summative theoretical examination pattern. The collected data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Frequencies and percentages were calculated, and the results were presented in the form of tables and figures. Results: The mean age of the participants was 21.48 ± 1.64 years. All participants were female allied health sciences students residing in the New Campus Girls Hostel, PUMHS, and Nawabshah. Most students were single, belonged to urban areas, and were from a middle socioeconomic background. Best Choice Questions (BCQs) were identified as the most preferred examination format. The majority of students perceived BCQs as easy to attempt, objective in scoring, and effective in assessing theoretical knowledge. Students also reported that BCQs helped reduce examination stress and supported better academic preparation. Furthermore, a large proportion of participants favored a combined examination pattern, including both BCQs and Short Essay Questions (SEQs), as it was perceived to improve overall knowledge assessment and conceptual understanding in summative theoretical examinations Conclusion: The study concluded that undergraduate students demonstrated a stronger preference for BCQs; however, most participants recommended using both SEQs and BCQs together to achieve a more balanced and comprehensive assessment. Incorporating students’ feedback may assist educators in designing fair and effective examination systems
AWARENESS ABOUT VITAMIN-D AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS IN GENERAL POPULATION OF PESHAWAR: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Background: Vitamin D is one of the key nutrients in the human body that is found both naturally in the form of food sources and exposure to sunlight the knowledge, regarding VD varies within different, regions, cultures, and population settings. The research has provided evidence that variations in the determinants and awareness of VD are influenced by gender, education, occupation, personal attitudes, and behaviour. Objectives: This study focuses on the level of awareness regarding Vitamin D among the general population of Peshawar. Methods: The cross-sectional analytical design of this study, collected data from 350 participants in one private and one public tertiary care hospital in Peshawar city. Data was collected through a survey-based questionnaire. Three groups were made based on the knowledge of participants. Groups of poor awareness, fair awareness, and good awareness. Results: The association of vitamin D awareness was assessed with socioeconomic status. This study concluded that almost 55% of the population had poor, 27% had fair 18% had good knowledge and awareness. Age groups P=0.02 and academic level P=0.001 were found significant for their association with vitamin D awareness among study participants. Gender, marital status and occupation were found non-significant. Recommendation: this study was able to find out awareness about VD in the general population. However, more thorough research work is required for insight into the factors and determinants of poor awareness of CVD. Conclusion: 55% of study participants were unaware of Vitamin D, 27% had fair and 18% had good awareness. Moreover, lower age was found negatively associated and academic level was positively associated with vitamin D awareness among study participants.
A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE SLEEP DISTURBANCE AMONG STAFF NURSES OF TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL NAWABSHAH
Background: Sleep disturbance is a widespread health issue. Sleep disturbance is a common problem among staff nurses due to shift work, long duty hours, night shifts, less work experience and work related stress. Poor sleep can affect nurse’s physical health, mental well-being, work performance and quality of patient care. This study aimed to assess the level of sleep disturbance among staff nurses of tertiary care hospital Nawabshah. Methodology: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted at Peoples Medical College Hospital (PMCH) Nawabshah. Total sample size was 187 which was selected through non-probability convenient sampling technique. The data was collected through General sleep disturbance scale (GSDS) to assess the variety of sleep issues over the last 7 days from staff nurses by using Likert scale of 8 points 0=never to 7=everyday. The collected data was analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages, were used, and results were presented in the form of tables and figures. Results: The results showed that the 77 (41.2%) were mild sleep disturbance, 56 (29.9%) had moderate sleep disturbance, 50 (26.7%) had normal sleep (no sleep disturbance) and only 4 (2.1%) Participants were severe sleep disturbance. Conclusion: The study concludes that the majority of participants were mild Sleep disturbance, only 2.1 % of participants were severe sleep disturbances.
ASSESSING THE LEVEL OF SELF-ESTEEM OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
Background: Self-esteem is our overall sense of values, worth and abilities that influencing how we feel about ourselves and our life. Self-esteem is confidence in one's own worth and abilities himself or herself Self-esteem indicates beliefs about oneself. Self-esteem is the evaluative component of self-knowledge. Objective: To assess the level of self-esteem of undergraduate students. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional design was used in this study. Data was collected through the structured questionnaire used to take the data from students. sections, section A sociodemographic information including age, g Marital status, residence, socioeconomic status, program, academic year and Section B including Rosenberg's Level of Self-Esteem Assessment Scale (RSES) a ten-item measure that assesses the participant's thoughts about themselves. And data were analysis using SPSS version 25 results were presented in frequencies and percentage. Results: The findings of this study indicate that the majority of undergraduate students (83.45%) demonstrated a normal level of self-esteem, reflecting a generally healthy and balanced self-concept among most participants. This suggests that most students perceive themselves positively, recognize their self-worth, and maintain confidence in their abilities. A normal level of self-esteem is important for psychological well-being and academic success especially in demanding academic environments such as health sciences education. However, the results also revealed that 7.19% of students experienced low self-esteem. Although this percentage is relatively small, it is significant because students with low self-esteem may be more vulnerable to stress, anxiety, reduced motivation, and emotional difficulties. Such challenges can negatively influence their academic performance and overall personal development. On the other hand, 9.35% of students showed high levels of self-esteem, indicating a strong sense of self-confidence and self-worth. Conclusion: Self-esteem is an important psychological factor that significantly influences the mental health, academic performance, and personal development of students. The study concludes that undergraduate student’s majority of participants had normal level of self-esteem. While only a small minority of experience low (7.19%) and high levels (9.35 self-esteem.
Self-Esteem, Undergraduate students, Self value
ASSESSMENT OF LEAD AND CHROMIUM UPTAKE AND PHYTOREMEDIATION EFFICIENCY OF TAGETES PATULA L.
Heavy metal pollution is a major global environmental issue that adversely affects the health of plants, animals, and microorganisms. Phytoremediation has emerged as an eco-friendly and cost-effective technique for removing heavy metals from contaminated soils using plants. The present study was conducted to evaluate the phytoremediation potential of Tagetes patula for lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr). Soil samples were artificially contaminated with 100, 300, and 500 ppm of each metal, and plant growth and metal uptake were assessed after harvesting. The results demonstrated that all growth parameters, including seed germination, plant height, and fresh and dry biomass, were significantly reduced at increasing concentrations of both Pb and Cr, indicating metal-induced phytotoxicity. Soil analysis after harvest revealed that residual Cr concentrations were higher than those of Pb. Metal accumulation analysis showed contrasting patterns: Pb concentrations in plant tissues decreased as soil Pb levels increased, whereas Cr accumulation in plant tissues increased proportionally with higher soil Cr concentrations. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) and biological accumulation coefficient (BAC) values for Pb were less than one, suggesting limited phytoextraction potential for this metal. In contrast, BCF and BAC values for Cr were greater than one, indicating efficient uptake and accumulation. The translocation factor (TF) for Pb exceeded one, while that for Cr was below one, suggesting greater internal mobility of Pb compared to Cr. The findings indicate that T. patula is more suitable for chromium phytoremediation than for lead extraction from contaminated soils.
Phytoremediation, Heavy metals pollution, Soil contamination, Bioaccumulation, Bioconcentration, Translocation factor
PREVALENCE OF SMART PHONE ADDICTION AMONG UNDERGRADUATE NURSING STUDENTS AT COLLEGE OF NURSING NAWABSHAH
Background: Smartphone addiction has become an increasing concern among undergraduate nursing students in recent years as a result of the widespread availability of digital innovation and the growing dependence on mobile devices for academic, clinical, and other purposes. Nursing students are particularly vulnerable because of their demanding academic schedules, clinical duties, and the need to stay constantly connected for educational and personal reasons. Methodology: This study was a cross sectional, in which non-probability convenience sampling method was used and conducted from November 2025 to January 2026 at College of Nursing Female Nawabshah, sample size of this study was 109. Results: The mean S.P.A score was 24.1 + 2.4. Second year found higher frequency of SPA. A majority subject missed planned work due to smartphone use 30(27.5%). In addition, a large number of study subject were hard time concentrating in class because of their smartphone 32(29.3%). Further most of study subject were felling impatient and uneasy without their smartphone 50 (45.8%). In addition, majority students felt pain in wrist and neck while they use smartphone 35 (32.1%). Conclusion: The Current study conducted that prevalence of SPA (91.7%) among undergraduate nursing students in college of nursing Nawabshah.
EFFECTS OF SOIL HEAVY METALS ON ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH
Heavy elements refer to vital elements which act as a driving force for physiological and chemical reactions of individual’s body uniformly. Anthropogenic actions and industrial effluents discharge cause amalgamation of lethal elements in aquatic and terrestrial environment. Amalgamation of these lethal elements leads to metal pollution. Cadmium, zinc, mercury, lead and various other metals are essential elements although in a precise amount. Bioaccumulations of these elements in surpass limit results severe diseases such as cardiovascular, nervous and reproductive disorders. Developing countries are more concern and paying full attention to eradicate these fatal elements from the environment. In current study we evaluate and examine soil infectivity with noxious metals, impacts on plants and human being physical condition as well as eradication tools to make environment sustainable for individuals, flora and fauna life forms.
RELATIONSHIP OF HYPERTHYROIDISM AND HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM IN EARLY GESTATION
Objective: During early pregnancy, determining the relationship between biochemical hyperthyroidism and hyperemesis gravidarum. Study Design: It's a case-control study. Place and Duration of study: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics at Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, from March 2025 to July 2025, wherein the aim was to define the relationship between hyperthyroidism and HG in early pregnancy. Methodology: 84 primigravidae in the first trimester were recruited, consisting of 42 with HG and 42 gestational-age-matched controls. The level of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was tested, and hyperthyroidism was operationally defined as TSH <0.3mIU/L. Results: The statistical analyses were done in SPSS version 25.0 and Chi-square or Fisher exact testing, odds ratios calculation, and logistic regression modelling. The prevalence of hyperthyroidism was found to be 23.8% in HG compared to 2.4% in controls (p=0.004), and the presence of HG was found to significantly increase the risk of hyperthyroidism (OR=0.078; 95% CI=0.009-0.642). HG was proven to be an independent predictor of suppressed TSH levels by multivariate regression. Conclusion: These findings support a strong linkage of HG and biochemical hyperthyroidism during early pregnancy and support the hypothesis of thyroid-stimulation mediated by hCG, and promote regular TSH screening of individuals with HG.
Hyperemesis gravidarum, Hyperthyroidism, Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone, hCG, Gestational transient thyrotoxicosis, Case-control study
CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND OUTCOMES OF CRITICALLY ILL CHILDREN IN PEDIATRIC INTENSIVE CARE UNITS RECEIVING RESTRICTIVE VERSUS LIBERAL FLUID RESUSCITATION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS
Background: Fluid resuscitation plays a central role in the management of critically ill children who receive care in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs). Although liberal bolus-based resuscitation has been recommended historically, recent evidence suggests worse respiratory outcomes and increased morbidity with excessive fluid administration. The best approach to fluid volume in critically ill children is unclear. Objectives: To compare restrictive and liberal fluid resuscitation strategies in critically ill children managed in PICU-level settings and to quantify the effect of restrictive strategies on mechanical ventilation using randomized controlled trial evidence. Methods: A systematic review using a PRISMA guide of the randomized controlled trials was performed. Trials with critically ill children (age up to 18 years) in a PICU level setting comparing restrictive and liberal fluid resuscitation strategies were included. Three RCTs were suitable to be quantitatively combined (Nallasamy 2025; FiSh 2019; Duron 2023). Five other RCTs were synthesized narratively because of differences in intervention type, people or outcome comparability (Somasetia 2014; FEAST 2011; Balamuth 2020; Akech 2006; Maitland 2005). Random-effects meta-analysis was carried out for the need for mechanical ventilation. Low event rates and/or non-comparable reports across the volume-strategy trials caused the lack of pooling of mortality. Results: Eight RCTs (3 quantitative, 5 qualitative) were included. In the quantitative meta-analysis, restrictive strategies were found to have a non-significant effect on mechanical ventilation in comparison with liberal strategies (RR 0.68; 95% CI 0.45-1.03). Mortality pooling was not feasible due to low event rates and non-comparable reporting across volume-strategy trials. Historical evidence of other pediatric shock trials indicated some heterogeneity in responses by disease circumstance and type of strategy, even in the context of settings in which bolus-heavy methods were negatively linked. Conclusion: Among critically ill children in care in a pediatric intensive care unit, restrictive fluid strategies may help reduce the need for mechanical ventilation compared with liberal fluid strategies with no evidence of increased harm in pooled trials on volume strategy; however, the evidence for this is limited to small trial sizes and low event rates. Larger multicenter RCTs are required to establish ideal fluid resuscitation volumes in pediatric critical care.
Pediatric intensive care; Fluid resuscitation; Restrictive fluid strategy; Liberal fluid strategy; Septic shock; Mechanical ventilation; Randomized controlled trial; Meta-analysis
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF MALARIA AMONG GENERAL POPULATION OF NAWABSHAH
Background: Malaria is a major public health problem in Pakistan, causing high morbidity and mortality. Across the world malaria causes between 300-500 million cases every year leads to million. Understanding knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) is essential for effective prevention and control. Objective: This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and preventive practices toward malaria among the general population of Nawabshah. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 275 participants from the general population of Nawabshah at Department of medicine at people’s medical civil hospital Nawabshah. The questionnaire covered demographics information as well as respondent knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding malaria. The data were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 25 Frequencies, Percentage determined. Results: The mean age of participants was 36.72 ± 12.31 years, with 63.6% males and 56% residing in rural areas. Most respondents were married (76.4%) and Muslim (85.8%).the mean size of respondent family size is 10.79 with SD =4.443.The most of the respondent were rural 154(56.00%) and 121(44.00%).Most of the respondents were Sindhi 173(62.9%). The most of the respondent were illiterate 136(49.45%) most of the respondent have middle class 143(52.0%).The most of the respondent occupation is farmer 72(26.2%). Knowledge about malaria was Average to good, with 62.5% identifying fever as a symptom and 75.3% recognizing mosquito bites as the main transmission mode. Positive attitudes were observed in 86.55% of respondents. However, preventive practices were inadequate, with 51.27% showing poor practices. Barriers included low socioeconomic status, lack of affordability, and limited awareness of proper preventive measures. Conclusion: While knowledge and attitudes toward malaria were generally positive, actual preventive practices were insufficient. Strengthening health education, improving access to affordable preventive tools, and promoting proper use of malaria control measures are essential to reduce malaria transmission in Nawabshah.
A STUDY TO EVALUATE ASSOCIATION OF GENDER WITH CHOLELITHIASIS RISK FACTORS AMONG THE CHOLELITHIASIS PATIENTS
Background: Gallstone disease (cholelithiasis) is a common gastrointestinal disorder worldwide, with prevalence influenced by age, gender, metabolic conditions, lifestyle, physical inactivity and hormonal factors. Women are generally more affected than men due to reproductive and hormonal influences, whereas men often exhibit higher metabolic risk profiles. In Pakistan, gender-specific risk patterns for cholelithiasis are not well-documented. Objective: To determine the association between gender and risk factor of cholelithiasis among diagnosed patients. To identify common risk factors of cholelithiasis in male female. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from 17 November to 17 January (2) months in the Department of Surgery at Peoples Medical Civil Hospital, Nawabshah. A total of 141 imaging-confirmed cholelithiasis patients were selected using non-probability convenience sampling. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire covering socio-demographics, medical history, lifestyle, and reproductive factors. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS v25. Frequency, percentage, and chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were applied to determine the associations. Results: Among 141 participants, 73.05% were female and 26.95% were male, with a mean age of 47.78 ± 9.44 years. Most respondents were from rural areas (86.7%) and joint families (89.4%). Gender was significantly associated with family history of cholelithiasis (p = 0.012), hypertension (p < 0.001), and smoking (p < 0.001). Men showed higher prevalence of smoking and metabolic risk patterns, while women exhibited higher association with family history, reproductive factors, and hormonal influences. No significant gender association was found for prior surgery, hepatitis C, diabetes, or fried food consumption. Conclusion: Gallstone disease is more prevalent in females, who are influenced by hormonal and reproductive factors, whereas males are more affected by metabolic risk factors. Shared risk factors include age, blood pressure, and liver disease. These findings highlight the need for gender-specific screening, prevention, and management strategies.
EFFECTS OF SMARTPHONE OVERUSE ON OCULAR HEALTH AMONG UNDERGRADUATE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Background: The widespread use of smartphones, particularly among students, has raised concerns about its potential impact on eye health. As people increasingly rely on mobile devices, understanding the patterns of use and their effects on ocular health is crucial. This study aims to investigate the prevalence, patterns, and consequences of smartphone use on eye health among university students, identifying potential risks and informing strategies for mitigation. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 287 Allied Health Science students who were selected via random sampling. The study aimed to assess the impact of smartphone usage on ocular health among Allied Health Science students. Comprehensive data on bio-demographics and visual manifestations were collected using a self-administered, structured questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25 to evaluate associations between smartphone use and ocular symptoms. Results: A total of 278 undergraduate allied health science students participated in the study, with a mean age of 21.67 ± 1.42 years. Most students (57.2%) started using smartphones at 16–18 years of age, and 50.72% reported daily use of 5–8 hours. The majority (93.9%) used smartphones for multiple purposes. Eye discomfort was reported by 77.34% of participants, occurring mostly on an occasional basis (56.47%). Common ocular symptoms included blurred vision (23.74%) and itching (19.06%). Vision problems were present in 31.7% of students, with myopia being the most frequent (24.1%). About 30.22% of participants reported worsening of eye problems with increased smartphone use. Conclusion: This study reveals a high prevalence of smartphone use among health science students, with 57.2% starting use between 16-18 years and 50.72% spending 5-8 hours daily on devices. Eye discomfort was reported by 77.34%, with common symptoms including blurring vision (23.74%) and itching (19.06%). Vision problems were present in 32% (myopia 24.1%, Hypermetropia 6.1%). Awareness campaigns on safe smartphone practices and regular eye examinations are recommended to mitigate ocular health risks.
Smartphone use, Ocular health, Eye problem, Eye discomfort, Screen time.
A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE DETERMINANTS OF ACUTE PANCREATITIS AMONG GENERAL POPULATION AT TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL NAWABSHAH
Background: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an acute inflammatory condition of the pancreas and a leading cause of gastrointestinal hospital admissions worldwide. The incidence of AP is increasing globally, with variation in etiological determinants across different regions. In Pakistan, limited local data are available regarding the determinants of acute pancreatitis, particularly among the general population attending tertiary care hospitals Objective: To identify the major determinants of acute pancreatitis among the general population at a tertiary care hospital in Nawabshah Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Surgery at Peoples Medical Civil Hospital, Nawabshah, over a period of three months following approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB). A total of 143 patients diagnosed with acute pancreatitis were included using a non-probability convenience sampling technique. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire and review of medical records, covering socio-demographic characteristics, clinical features, lifestyle factors, and metabolic risk factors. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics including frequencies, percentages, mean, and standard deviation were calculated. Results: The mean age of participants was 46.76 ± 9.44 years, with nearly equal gender distribution. Most participants belonged to rural areas (86.7%) and had low educational status. Gallstones were identified in 66.43% of patients, making them the most common determinant of acute pancreatitis. Hypertension (60.84%) and diabetes (27.27%) were frequently observed comorbidities. More than half of the participants (54.5%) reported a positive family history of acute pancreatitis. Almost all participants (99.3%) consumed fried food regularly. Smoking and alcohol consumption were relatively low, reported by 27.27% and 7.0% of participants, respectively. Conclusion: The study concludes that acute pancreatitis in Nawabshah is a multifactorial disease, with gallstones, metabolic disorders, family history, and unhealthy dietary practices being the major determinants. Alcohol and smoking played a lesser role in this population. Early identification of high-risk individuals, lifestyle modification, and community-based awareness programs are essential to reduce the burden of acute pancreatitis.
A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE PARENTAL KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS REGARDING THALASSEMIA IN NAWABSHAH
Background: Thalassemia is a lifelong inherited blood disorder that remains a major health problem in Pakistan. This study was carried out to evaluate the level of parental knowledge and awareness regarding Thalassemia in Nawabshah. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 183 parents of Thalassemia patients visiting the Thalassemia Center Nawabshah. That most parents (63.68%) had poor knowledge, while only 36.72% demonstrated satisfactory awareness. Objective: The objectives of this study were to assess the level of parental knowledge about Thalassemia. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Thalassemia Center, Nawabshah, after obtaining ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB). The study aimed to assess parental knowledge and awareness regarding Thalassemia. A total of 183 parents of diagnosed Thalassemia patients were included in the study. Participants were selected through a systematic sampling technique to ensure appropriate representation of the target population. Parents who were willing to participate and available during the data collection period were enrolled after obtaining informed consent. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, and confidentiality of participants was strictly maintained throughout the research process. Results: The mean age of the participants was 35.19 years with a standard deviation of 6.564. The majority of the participants were female (124, 67%) and predominantly belonged to the lower socioeconomic class (154, 84.2%). Most participants were Sindhi (123, 67.2%), and more than half of the respondents were illiterate (56%). Regarding occupation, the majority were housewives (123, 67.2%).The assessment of knowledge and awareness about thalassemia revealed that 63.68% of participants had poor knowledge, while 36.72% demonstrated good knowledge. Conclusion: This study concludes that parental knowledge and awareness regarding Thalassemia in Nawabshah are generally inadequate. Most parents lack proper understanding of disease inheritance, preventive strategies, treatment options, and long-term complications. Low education, rural residence, and poor socioeconomic conditions were major factors associated with poor awareness. Strengthening health education, genetic counseling, and community-based awareness programs is essential to reduce the burden of Thalassemia and prevent new cases in Pakistan
STUDY TO EVALUATE THE MENSTRUAL PATTREN AND PROBLEM AMOUNG ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES STUDENTS OF UNIVERSITY
Background: Menstruation is a normal biological process and an indicator of reproductive health. University girls often experience menstrual irregularities and problems such as pain, irregular cycles, and excessive bleeding due to stress and lifestyle changes. These problems can affect academic performance and quality of life. Therefore, assessing menstrual patterns and problems among university girls is important for promoting reproductive health. Objectives: Assess menstrual cycle patterns (regularity, duration, flow) and identify common menstrual problems (dysmenorrhea, PMS, menorrhagia). Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Peoples University of Medical and Health Sciences for Women, Shaheed Benazirabad, including 287 randomly selected students. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire on demographics, menstrual patterns, and related problems. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Ethical approval was obtained from the university’s IRB. Results: Most participants were aged 21–23 years, unmarried, predominantly Muslim and Sindhi. Menarche typically occurred between 10–14 years, with cycles lasting 25–28 days for 2–5 days. Dysmenorrhea was the most common problem, accompanied by lower leg pain, whole-body pain, and premenstrual mood swings. Heavy menstrual bleeding affected nearly half of the students. These symptoms often required bed rest, reduced social activity, or caused missed lectures. Family history of menstrual problems was reported less frequently, indicating stronger lifestyle and environmental influences. Conclusion: Menstrual disorders are prevalent among university girls and negatively impact health and academics. Awareness programs, supportive academic policies, and promotion of self-care—such as rest, light exercise, and heat therapy—are recommended. Further multi-university and longitudinal research is needed
EVALUATING MEDICATION ADHERENCE IN DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS AT TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL NAWABSHASH
Background: Diabetes mellitus is a long-term disease that requires patients to take their medications regularly. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a progressively increasing metabolic disorder and a significant public health burden that demands immediate global attention. However, there is a paucity of data about adherence to antidiabetic drugs among patients with type-2 DM . It has been reported that patients with chronic diseases who adhere to treatment may experience improvement in quality of life. Poor medication adherence can lead to poor blood sugar control and complications. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluating medication adherence in diabetes patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed to assess medication adherence among patients with diabetes mellitus attending the medicine ward of a tertiary care hospital in Nawabshah. The study population consisted of adult diabetic patients who met the inclusion criteria and consented to participate in the study. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire that included two sections: demographic and clinical characteristics, and medication adherence assessment. Medication adherence was measured using the Medication Adherence Rating Scale-10 (MARS-10), a validated tool designed to evaluate patients’ adherence behaviors. The collected data were entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. Descriptive statistics including frequencies and percentages were used to summarize the data. Results: The study showed that many patients did not fully follow their medication schedules. Common reasons for non-adherence included forgetfulness, side effects, and complicated medication routines. Adherence was found to be better in patients with higher education and shorter duration of diabetes. The MARS-10 scale effectively identified patients’ adherence behaviors. Conclusion: Medication adherence among diabetes patients in Nawabshah is not optimal. Using MARS-10 helps healthcare providers understand adherence problems and plan interventions. Educating patients, simplifying medication regimens, and regular counseling can improve adherence and diabetes management.
ASSESSMENT OF THE STUDENT'S ATTITUDES TOWARDS STATISTICS AMONG THE UNDERGRADUTE ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES STUDENTS
Background: Statistics is compulsory in health science but many students find it difficult, boring, and stressful. Their attitudes strongly affect confidence, motivation, and performance. Supportive teaching methods can reduce anxiety and improve learning. Objective: To assess the attitudes of BSN undergraduate Allied health science students toward statistics and identify factors influencing their perception. Material Methods: A descriptive cross‑sectional study was conducted at PUMHSW Nawabshah and affiliated colleges. A total of 115 BSN 8th semester students were selected using convenience sampling. Data were collected through the SATS‑36 questionnaire and analyzed in SPSS version 25 using descriptive statistics and t‑tests at a 95% confidence level. Results: The study included 115 BSN 8th semester students with a mean age of 23.21 ± 1.55 years. Most participants were female (68.4%), unmarried (79.1%), and Muslim (96.6%), with Sindhi ethnicity (56.5%) being most common. Attitudes toward statistics were mixed: while 43.6% believed they could do well and 39.3% agreed statistical skills improve employability, many reported challenges 29.1% felt nervous, 28.2% felt insecure solving problems, and 32.5% linked math anxiety to difficulty. Still, 40.2% enjoyed applying statistics in real life, showing that despite anxiety, students recognized the subject’s usefulness for career and research. Conclusion: Students acknowledge the importance of statistics but struggle with anxiety, difficulty, and negative perceptions. Their performance and confidence are directly influenced by both cognitive and non‑cognitive factors.
Statistics Attitudes, Nursing Students, Allied Health Sciences, Anxiety, Confidence, SATS‑36
THE EXPLORE THE DETERMINANTS OF DIARRHEA AMONG CHILDREN UNDER 5 YEAR OF AGE
Background: Diarrhea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five years, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Unsafe drinking water, poor sanitation, inadequate hygiene, and low maternal education are major contributors. Despite global improvements, diarrhea remains a critical public health issue, causing dehydration, malnutrition, and impaired growth in young children. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of diarrhea and identify its main determinants among children under five years in Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted over three months in the all Pediatric Wards of Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Hospital, Nawabshah. A total of 147 children under five years of age ,admitted with or without diarrhea ,were recruited using a convenience sampling technique .Data were obtained from caregivers through a structured and pre-tested questionnaire collected data were coded, entered, and analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) Software. Descripretive frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation, were applied to summarize and interpret the findings. prior to data collection, ethical approval was secured from the concerned institutional authority. Results: A total of 147 respondents were included in the study. the age distribution of children showed an approximately normal pattern. with most children falling into middle age categories (scores 2 and 3.) the mean age scores was 2.619 with standard deviation of 1.036.females constituted the majority of responedents ( 66%),while males accounted for (34%). Safe Stool disposal practices were reported by 87.8% of households, whereas 12.2% still practiced un safe disposal methods. The Prevalence of diarrhea within two weeks prior to the survey was high (72.8%).Most respondents stored drinking water in covered containers (95.2%) and had knowledge of proper hand –washing methods (88.4%). overall, the findings indicate a high burden of diarrhea among under-five children, despite relatively good access to water, sanitation, and health services. limited maternal education and inadequate health education from healthcare providers remain important challenges in the effective prevention and home management of childhood diarrhea. Conclusion: Diarrhea remains a significant health burden among under-five children in Nawabshah. Determinants that can cameover by sanitation, water safty, hygiene education, and caregiver awareness are essential to reduce diarrhea prevalence and improve child health outcomes.
Diarrhea, Under-five children, Prevalence, Determinants, Hygiene, Sanitation, Mternal education
ASSESSMENT THE KNOWLEDGE OF PERSONAL HYGIENE AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES NAWABSHAH
Background: Personal hygiene is defined as the science of healthy living, encompassing daily activities that contribute to an individual’s health and well-being. While deficiency in hygiene remains a major public health concern in developing countries, there is limited local data focusing specifically on the youth population. This study aimed to assess the demographic profile and knowledge level regarding personal hygiene among students. Objective: This study is to assess the demographic profile and level of knowledge regarding personal hygiene among undergraduate Allied Health Sciences students in Nawabshah. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 278 respondents. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire covering demographic information and a knowledge assessment of ten hygiene-related variables and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results: The mean age of the participants was 21.33 years (SD± 1.456). The majority of respondents was from the DPT department (43.5%), followed by BSN (31.3%), and was in their 4th year of study (36.3%). Most belonged to the middle class (83.1%) and resided in urban areas (53.6%). Assessment of knowledge revealed that 98.9% of respondents possessed "Good Knowledge" of personal hygiene. High awareness was specifically noted for hand washing after using the toilet (96.4%) and before/after eating (96.0%). However, slight gaps were identified regarding traditional practices, such as the healthy use of broomsticks for tooth-cleaning (65.1%). Conclusion: The study demonstrates an exceptionally high level of hygiene knowledge among health science students. This level of awareness is critical, as better hygiene knowledge is linked to reduced absenteeism and improved academic performance. Future strategic planning should focus on translating this high theoretical knowledge into consistent daily practices.
Hygiene, Personal Hygiene, Knowledge, Students, Public Health, Health Sciences
AWARENESS AND UTILIZATION OF ELECTRONIC RESOURCES AMONG FINAL-YEAR GENERIC AND POST-RN STUDENTS IN NURSING INSTITUTES OF PESHAWAR PAKISTAN: A COMPARATIVE CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Background: For the delivery of health services, an effective awareness about electronic information system is crucial as it can enhance services' quality, reduce costs and unintended consequences. It also ensures patient safety and strengthens the standard of healthcare services that can result from proper implementation. The Key role of Information Technology (IT) in the health sector is to extend geographic access, enhance client communication, improve disease diagnosis and treatment, improve data quality management, and protect client confidentiality. Objective: To determine awareness and utilization of electronic resources among Final Year (Generic) and Post-RN BSN students in nursing Institutes of Peshawar. Methodology: This analytical cross sectional study was carried out on the students of final year generic BSN and Post RN BSN in two public and two private sector nursing institutes from August 2023 to January 2024. Total sample size was calculated to be 270. Data was obtained on a pre-validated questionnaire after approval from ASRB of KMU using simple random sampling technique. Data was analyzed using SPSS V.24 and independent sample t-test was applied to see the mean difference in utilization of awareness and usage of electronic information resources. Results: Major finding of the study revealed that nursing students were mostly (95.2%) aware and inclined towards the use of electronic information resources. They used electronic resources to make their class notes (56.3%) and enhancing their knowledge. However, the use of electronic journals was not prevalent (1.5%) among the nursing students. Conclusion: When compared the students of public and private nursing institutes, the students of public sector nursing institutes were more aware and used electronic information resources for their education. They also used electronic journals for various purposes more than the students of private sector institutes.
Nursing institutes, Generic BSN, Post RN BSN, Electronic Information Resources