Abstract
Background: Infertility is a major reproductive health concern worldwide. Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is a widely used imaging modality for evaluating uterine cavity abnormalities and fallopian tube patency in infertile women.
Objective: To assess uterine and fallopian tube findings on hysterosalpingography among infertile women.
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Radiology, Mardan Medical Complex, Pakistan. A total of 115 infertile women aged 18–45 years were enrolled through convenience sampling. Women with primary and secondary infertility underwent HSG for evaluation of uterine and tubal abnormalities. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire comprising demographic and clinical characteristics, HSG findings, uterine abnormalities, tubal findings, peritoneal spill, and overall HSG diagnosis. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0 and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: The mean age of participants was 28.86 ± 5.84 years, and 64.3% were aged 25–35 years. Primary infertility was present in 63.5% of women, while 60.9% had infertility for 1–3 years. Overall, 82 (71.3%) women had normal HSG findings, whereas 33 (28.7%) showed abnormalities. Tubal pathology (25.2%) was markedly more common than uterine pathology (3.5%). Distal tubal obstruction (13.0%) was the most frequent abnormality, followed by proximal obstruction (10.4%), while hydrosalpinx was identified in 11.3% of participants. Duration of infertility was significantly associated with abnormal HSG findings (p = 0.011), whereas age, marital duration, and infertility type showed no significant associations (p > 0.05).
Conclusion: Most infertile women had normal HSG findings; however, tubal abnormalities were the predominant structural abnormality. A longer duration of infertility was associated with abnormal HSG findings, supporting the role of HSG as an effective first-line investigation in the evaluation of female infertility