Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents a major public health concern worldwide and is associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, and healthcare burden. The present descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among selected cardiovascular disease patients attending healthcare facilities in Lahore to assess obesity patterns, medication expenditure, and commonly observed lifestyle-related and clinical factors among the studied population.
A total of 100 participants were included in the study. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and the Chi-square test was applied to evaluate associations between categorical variables, including gender and obesity status. The findings demonstrated a higher proportion of obesity among female participants compared with male participants. BMI analysis showed that 16% of participants were obese, while hyperlipidemia/cholesterol-related disease, fast food consumption, and smoking were reported in 67%, 59%, and 45% of participants, respectively.
The medication expenditure assessment indicated that most participants reported monthly medicine expenses below 5,000 PKR. However, detailed pharmacoeconomic parameters such as hospitalization costs, treatment adherence, indirect costs, and cost-effectiveness analysis were not evaluated in the present study.
The findings highlight commonly observed lifestyle-related and metabolic patterns among selected cardiovascular disease patients and emphasize the importance of healthy lifestyle practices, dietary awareness, smoking cessation, weight management, and accessible healthcare services. Because of the cross-sectional hospital-based design and limited sample size, the findings should not be generalized to the wider population and do not establish causal relationships