Abstract
Niph virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic bat-borne and zoonotic virus. It has epidemic and pandemic potential due to its high case fatality rate, capacity for human-to-human transmission and broad host range. Since its discovery in 1998 in Malaysia, recurrent episodes in India and Bangladesh highlight the urgent need for effective preventive strategies. This review examines recent progress in NiV vaccine development, including viral vector, subunit, DNA, mRNA, and virus-like particle platforms, and discusses the major scientific and operational barriers limiting their translation into field use. Key challenges include limited clinical evaluation opportunities, strain diversity, manufacturing constraints, cold-chain requirements, and weak outbreak preparedness in high-risk settings. The review also highlights the importance of integrating vaccine development with surveillance, early detection, and One Health-based prevention strategies. Strengthening these linked approaches will be essential for improving preparedness and reducing the risk of future Nipah virus outbreaks.