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Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by synaptic dysfunction and impaired neuroplasticity, which underlie cognitive decline. This review summarizes the physiological mechanisms of synaptic function, the changes in neuroplasticity associated with AD, and the pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions aimed at preserving synaptic health. Approved and emerging drug therapies, including cholinesterase inhibitors, NMDA receptor antagonists, and disease-modifying agents targeting amyloid and tau, are discussed in terms of their effects on synaptic signaling. The role of physical activity in enhancing neuroplasticity, along with structured nursing interventions that support cognition, daily functioning, and caregiver education, is also highlighted. Integrating pharmacological, lifestyle, and nursing strategies provides a multidimensional approach to maintaining synaptic integrity, delaying cognitive decline, and improving quality of life. Early intervention and a focus on preserving neuroplasticity are essential for effective management of AD.