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Abstract
Background: Migraine is a common neurological disorder that significantly affects quality of life and productivity worldwide. Environmental factors, particularly exposure to heavy metals, have been increasingly recognized as potential contributors to neurological disorders. However, limited evidence is available from Pakistan regarding the role of heavy metal exposure in migraine prevalence.
Objective: This study aimed to assess the association between exposure to heavy metals—specifically lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As)—and the prevalence of migraine among residents of Lahore, Pakistan.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 200 participants selected from urban and rural areas of Lahore. Data on demographic characteristics, occupational history, environmental exposure, and migraine symptoms were collected using a structured questionnaire. Blood and urine samples were analyzed for heavy metal concentrations using standard analytical techniques. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, applying chi-square tests and logistic regression to determine associations.
Results: The overall prevalence of migraine was 42%. Elevated levels of lead and arsenic were observed in 35% of participants. A significant association was found between lead exposure and migraine prevalence (p < 0.05). Individuals with high lead levels were 2.5 times more likely to experience chronic migraines, while arsenic exposure increased migraine risk by 1.8 times.
Conclusion: The findings indicate a significant relationship between heavy metal exposure and migraine prevalence in Lahore. Environmental pollution may represent an important modifiable risk factor, highlighting the need for effective environmental monitoring and public health interventions.