"BREAST CANCER THROUGH TIME AND TECHNOLOGY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF GENETIC INSIGHTS, CLINICAL MANAGEMENT AND EMERGING ADVANCES"

Abstract

Background:

Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide, with significant variations in prevalence, diagnosis, and outcomes across different regions and genders.

Objective:

To explore the genetic factors, treatment options, early detection methods, historical evolution of breast cancer research, and the latest advancements in the field for effective diagnosis.

Methodology:

Published reports of exploring the genetic factors that lead to breast cancer, treatment options available, early detection and diagnostic methods, historical evolution of breast cancer research, and the latest advancements in the field for effective diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer were identified by a systematic search of Google Scholar, PubMed, Research Gate, Springer and the Sci Hub, supplemented with citation tracking.  From 1550 initially identified studies, only 25 studies met the inclusion criteria after screening and duplicate removal. These studies highlighted the genetic factors that lead to breast cancer, treatment options available, early detection and diagnostic methods, historical evolution of breast cancer research and the latest advancements in the field for effective diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer, using standard statistical measures, typically at a 95% confidence level.

Results:

Increased efforts in the research on breast cancer development have provided important outcomes in the comprehension and treatment of such a complicated pathology in the last several years. BRCA1/2 mutations have been characterized, and can enable the elite prevention of high-risk individuals, and multi-omics technologies have transformed molecular subtyping and personalized treatment options. New advanced CRISPR and siRNA-based genetical engineering technology displays striking capabilities in specific gene editing and cancer prevention. On a clinical level, targeted drugs such as HER2 and PARP inhibitors have made a tremendous difference, especially when it comes to hereditary and receptor-positive patients. Innovations in diagnosis like liquid biopsies and improved imaging with the help of artificial Intelligence have improved the accuracy of early detection, and especially the deep learning algorithms have better performance in subtype classification. At the same time, drug delivery system developed on the basis of nanotechnology achieved the enhancement of therapeutic effects along with the decreased systemic side-effects. All of these developments have proven to show the paradigm-shifting power of precision medicine to breast cancer treatment, but nevertheless, issues still persist in the treatment of metastatic, and therapy-resistant metastatic breast cancer, and efforts are still being made to identify new biomarkers and to optimize treatments.

Conclusion:

Breast cancer remains a significant global health challenge, but advancements in genetic research, treatment options, early detection methods, and precision medicine offer hope for improved outcomes. The integration of AI, big data, and nanotechnology into breast cancer research and treatment has the potential to further enhance patient care and survival rates. Continued research and collaboration are essential for addressing the remaining challenges and optimizing breast cancer management.