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Nanotechnology has come out as a revolutionary in curbing issues of world problems in agriculture and environmental sustainability. Its introduction to the agricultural industry increases the yield of crops, improves the transportation of nutrients, and offers effective control of pests and diseases. In the meantime, environmental uses of nanotechnology allow the control of pollution, wastewater treatment, as well as green remediation. Nano fertilizers, nano pesticides, and nano sensors are nano-enabled materials that help to facilitate precision agriculture, reduce losses and environmental degradations. Besides, nanomaterials have become crucial in reducing the emission of greenhouse gases as well as improving the quality of water and soil. Along with these benefits, there are still issues when it comes to the toxicity of nanoparticles, their environmental stability, and regulations. This review discusses recent developments in the application of nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture and environmental protection, with emphasis made on contemporary developments. The focus is put on the mechanisms, advantages, constraints, and perspectives to reach the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) based on nanobiotechnology-oriented solutions.