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Abstract
Regenerative medicine is rapidly evolving toward a precision-based discipline in which therapeutic strategies are tailored to each patient's molecular and genomic profile. At the center of this transformation are stem cells, whose regenerative and immunomodulatory properties, combined with advances in precision medicine, are redefining approaches to the treatment of complex diseases. The integration of multi-omics technologies including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and epigenomics with artificial intelligence (AI) has expanded our understanding of stem cell biology, enabling more accurate biomarker discovery, improved patient stratification, and the rational design of personalized regenerative therapies. Recent technological advances have further accelerated progress in this field. Genome engineering approaches such as CRISPR, base editing, and prime editing, together with gene therapy, synthetic biology, organoid technology, extracellular vesicles, cell-free therapeutics, 3D bioprinting, digital twins, and organ-on-chip platforms, are reshaping both experimental research and clinical translation. Collectively, these innovations are improving the precision, safety, and therapeutic potential of stem cell-based interventions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular characteristics of stem cells, the role of multi-omics and AI in precision regenerative medicine, and the emerging technologies driving next-generation regenerative therapeutics. It further examines current and potential applications of stem cell–based therapies across a broad spectrum of diseases, including cancer, neurological, cardiovascular, metabolic, musculoskeletal, autoimmune, ocular, and rare genetic disorders. Particular attention is given to the opportunities and challenges facing low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where limitations in infrastructure, funding, regulatory capacity, manufacturing, and skilled workforce continue to restrict clinical implementation despite growing research activity. By integrating recent advances in stem cell biology, precision medicine, immunology, and translational biotechnology, this review presents a comprehensive perspective on the current state of regenerative medicine while highlighting the scientific, clinical, and policy priorities needed to advance safe, effective, and equitable stem cell therapies worldwide.