Abstract
Zoonotic diseases continue to pose significant threats to global public health, accounting for the majority of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases worldwide. The increasing interaction among humans, animals, and ecosystems, driven by population growth, globalization, urbanization, environmental degradation, climate change, and intensified agricultural practices, has accelerated the emergence and transmission of zoonotic pathogens. The One Health approach has emerged as a comprehensive and interdisciplinary framework that recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. This review examines the epidemiology of zoonotic diseases through the lens of the One Health concept, highlighting major zoonotic pathogens, transmission pathways, determinants of disease emergence, surveillance systems, and control strategies. The review discusses bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal zoonoses of global significance, including COVID-19, Ebola virus disease, avian influenza, rabies, brucellosis, leptospirosis, and other neglected zoonotic diseases. Particular attention is given to epidemiological patterns, risk factors, ecological drivers, and the role of integrated surveillance in disease prevention. The review further explores challenges associated with implementing One Health strategies, including institutional barriers, resource limitations, antimicrobial resistance, and climate change. Finally, recommendations are provided for strengthening global preparedness, improving intersectoral collaboration, and enhancing zoonotic disease surveillance. The findings emphasize that effective prevention and control of zoonotic diseases require coordinated efforts across medical, veterinary, environmental, and public health disciplines. Adoption of the One Health framework is essential for achieving sustainable health security and mitigating future pandemic threats