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Abstract
The Thal Desert, located in central and southern Punjab, Pakistan, is a subtropical arid region that supports rich avian biodiversity but is increasingly facing ecological degradation. This study investigates the decline of bird species in the Thal Desert, with a specific focus on District Bhakkar. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected through field surveys, direct observations, interviews with local residents and hunters, digital questionnaires, photographic documentation, GPS mapping, and laboratory analysis of soil and water samples. Both resident and migratory bird species were documented, with special attention to species nearing local extinction.
Key bird species recorded include the Green Parakeet, Black and Brown Partridge, Common Quail, Crested Lark, Common Coucal, Desert Warbler, Kite, and Wheat Eater. The findings reveal a significant decline in these species, primarily due to habitat loss, agricultural expansion, climate variability, deforestation, overhunting, water scarcity, and increasing human disturbance. Infrastructure projects such as the Thal Canal, resettlement schemes, road construction, and the spread of Eucalyptus plantations have further reduced nesting and feeding grounds, destabilizing the desert ecosystem.
Fieldwork was conducted at multiple sites including Toba Rawanwala, Rakh Karluwala, Rangpur Baghoor, Nurpur Thal, and Chowk Azam. Environmental assessments showed changes in soil and water quality, indicating increasing ecological stress. Survey results revealed that over 80% of respondents observed a noticeable decline in bird populations, nesting activity, and bird calls. Interviews conducted in the Saraiki language confirmed that several species such as the Houbara Bustard, Demoiselle Crane, Griffon Vulture, and Black Partridge are now extremely rare or extinct in the wild and survive mainly in captivity.
The study highlights that Pakistan hosts approximately 668 bird species, including several endangered and critically endangered species, with Bhakkar contributing significantly to Thal’s avian diversity. The results underscore the urgent need for effective conservation strategies, sustainable land-use planning, stronger policy enforcement, and community awareness programs. This research provides valuable baseline data for policymakers, conservationists, and ecologists working to restore ecological balance and protect avian biodiversity in the Thal Desert