Abstract
Medicinal plants constitute a significant source of structurally diverse bioactive compounds with established therapeutic relevance. This study investigates the extraction efficiency and chemical characterization of phytochemicals from selected medicinal plants using solvents of varying polarity, namely methanol, ethanol, and aqueous media. Dried and powdered plant materials were subjected to solvent extraction, followed by qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening to identify major secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. Spectrophotometric analysis was employed to estimate total phenolic and flavonoid contents, while chromatographic profiling provided preliminary insights into compound distribution within the extracts. The findings indicate that solvent polarity significantly influences extraction yield and phytochemical composition, with methanol and ethanol demonstrating higher efficiency for phenolic and flavonoid recovery. The results further reveal notable variability in phytochemical content among the studied plant species, suggesting differential bioactive potential. However, the absence of compound-specific identification and advanced analytical validation limits the conclusiveness of the findings. Overall, the study provides a comparative framework for phytochemical extraction and highlights the need for standardized methodologies and advanced analytical approaches to enhance reproducibility and scientific rigor in medicinal plant research.