Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections worldwideand often caused by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, and Enterobacter species. They present a significant health burden, ranging from mild cystitis to severe pyelonephritis, and are complicated by the emergence of antimicrobial resistance due to the widespread and inappropriate use of antibiotics. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Sarhad Institute of Allied Health Sciences, Peshawar, from April to July 2025. A total of 52 undergraduate students, selected through convenience sampling were enrolled. Midstream urine samples were collected and cultured on CLED and MacConkey agar for the isolation and identification of uropathogens using standard biochemical tests and Gram staining. Out of 52 enrolled students the male and female ratio were equal with the majority aged 18–22 years. Bacterial growth was detected in 4 (7.7%) urine samples, including Enterobacter (25%), Escherichia coli (25%), and Staphylococcus aureus (50%). Biochemical characterization of the isolates was carried out following culture on CLED agar. The results demonstrated distinct profiles for each bacterial species. Enterobacter was identified as Gram-negative, catalase-negative, TSI-positive, coagulase-negative, indole-negative, and lactose fermenting. Escherichia coli also showed a Gram-negative reaction, with negative catalase and coagulase tests, but was positive for TSI, indole, and lactose fermentation. In contrast, Staphylococcus aureus was confirmed as Gram-positive, catalase-positive, coagulase-positive, TSI-negative, indole-negative, and non-lactose fermenting.