Abstract
Warfarin is a common oral anticoagulant that has a low therapeutic index, in which the inter-individual variation in dose is strongly dependent on genetic polymorphisms in the CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genes. This research was aimed at determining the estimates of CYP2C9 (at least the alleles of the 2) and VKORC1 ( -1639G>A) polymorphisms among the adult population in Peshawar, Pakistan. In the present, cross-sectional, observational study, genomic DNA was produced in 200 unrelated healthy participants (mostly of Pashtun heritage), and genotyped under Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The statistical analysis performed using SPSS v26.0 showed that the CYP2C92 2 allele was 9.0%, and the genotype frequencies were 84.0%, 14.0 and 2.0 respectively. In the case of VKORC1 (–1639G>A), the mutant A-allele frequency was 23.5, where genotype GG, GA, and AA frequencies stood at 59.0, 35.0, and 6.0, respectively. The two SNPs were discovered to be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (p > 0.05). The results indicate that there are considerable levels of reduced-function genotype within the Peshawar population, and thus pharmacogenetic screening and individualized dosing regimen are crucial in improving the safety and efficacy of the warfarin regimen within local clinical environments.