Abstract
The ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor is a primary global threat to apiculture, causing significant colony losses. This study assessed the prevalence of Varroa destructor and identified associated risk factors in the apiaries of Tehsil Matta, District Swat, Pakistan. A total of 251 honey bee hives (Apis mellifera = 80; Apis cerana = 171) were inspected from May to July 2025 using the non-lethal sugar shake method. The overall prevalence was 11.2% (28/251). Statistical analysis revealed significant associations between infestation rates and several management and environmental variables. Infestation was markedly higher in the introduced A. mellifera (26.3%) compared to the native A. cerana (4.1%). Furthermore, modern beekeeping practices were linked to increased risk, with prevalence in wooden hives (26.3%) far exceeding that in traditional earthen hives (3.5%). Urban apiaries showed a 33.3% infestation rate versus 1.0% in rural settings. Infestation escalated with rising seasonal temperatures, from 0% in May to 28.0% in July, correlating with a jump from 4.5% at 32°C to 25.0% at 35°C. Colonies with supplemental feeding and poor hygiene also showed elevated risk. These findings establish a critical baseline for V. Destructor prevalence in the region and demonstrate that the transition to intensive, non-native beekeeping systems significantly elevates parasitic load. The study underscores the urgent need for integrated pest management strategies that favor locally adapted bee subspecies and sustainable husbandry practices to enhance colony resilience.