EFFECT OF USAGE OF FOLIC ACID AND IRON SUPPLEMENTS DURING ANTENATAL PERIOD: ANALYSIS FROM THE PAKISTAN DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY DATA

Abstract

Background: Iron and folic acid supplementation during pregnancy is a globally recommended intervention to prevent maternal anemia and adverse birth outcomes. In Pakistan, micronutrient deficiencies remain prevalent among pregnant women despite national antenatal care guidelines.

Objective: To examine the utilization of iron and folic acid supplements during the antenatal period and assess their association with maternal and neonatal outcomes using data from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2017–18.

Methods: A secondary data analysis was conducted using nationally representative PDHS data. Women aged 15–49 years who had a live birth in the five years preceding the survey were included. Supplement use during pregnancy was assessed through self-reported intake of iron and folic acid tablets or syrup. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations between supplement use and maternal anemia and birth outcomes, adjusting for sociodemographic and obstetric factors.

Results: The majority of women reported some antenatal iron use, while folic acid use and combined supplementation remained suboptimal, particularly among rural and less educated women. Iron and folic acid supplementation was significantly associated with lower odds of maternal anemia and low birth weight. Women who received both supplements showed better outcomes compared to those receiving none.

Conclusion: Antenatal iron and folic acid supplementation is positively associated with improved maternal and neonatal health outcomes in Pakistan. Strengthening antenatal care coverage and ensuring equitable access to supplements are critical to improving maternal nutrition nationwide.