PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES, QUALITY CONTROL, CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF VETERINARY VACCINES

Abstract

Veterinary diseases pose serious threats to animal health globally, particularly in endemic areas. Veterinary vaccines are necessary for animals' health, food production, animal welfare and public health. The quality of vaccines depends on manufacturing procedures, facilities, equipment and expertise. The process of vaccine formulation is crucial for the development of robust, high-quality and safe vaccines at a reasonable price. This article presents a comprehensive review of veterinary vaccines production technology, quality control, challenges and future perspectives. The vaccines specifically targeting viral and bacterial infections in livestock have been summarized. The focus is on vaccines specifically used for the control and prevention of three common viral infections i.e. Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR), Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), and Newcastle Disease Virus infections and three bacterial infections are enterotoxaemia, black quarter, and anthrax. The major types of viral vaccines are live attenuated, inactivated or killed, sub-unit or recombinant, toxoid, mRNA and viral vector vaccines. To increase the immunogenicity of vaccines, an adjuvant is used, in addition to stabilizers and preservatives. The process of vaccine development involves techniques like cell culture, embryonated egg inoculation, formalin inactivation, and spore preparation. Computational and bioinformatics tools are used in research and innovations of new pharmaceutical products, including vaccines. The typical adjuvants used in vaccines are aluminum salts, oil emulsions, liposomes, saponins, Toll-like Receptor (TLR) agonists, and microparticles. Although recent technological advancements have improved vaccine production is still facing several challenges, such as pathogens' complexity, understanding host pathogen genetics, identification of effective antigens, safety, stability, lack of infrastructure, re-emerging infection and cost and financial constraints. Post production quality control evaluation is necessary to ensure compliance with international veterinary biologics standards as recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH).