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Abstract
Breastfeeding provides optimal nutrition for infants and is widely recognized for its extensive biological, psychological, immunological, and developmental benefits. It plays a critical role in reducing infant morbidity and mortality by strengthening immune responses and fostering maternal-infant bonding. Colostrum, the first form of milk produced post-delivery, is rich in antibodies and crucial for neonatal health. Weaning—the gradual introduction of semi-solid and solid foods—becomes essential after six months of age to meet increasing nutritional demands that breast milk alone can no longer fulfill. However, the transition from exclusive breastfeeding to complementary feeding is often influenced by a complex interplay of cultural, socioeconomic, and educational factors.
This systematic review investigates breastfeeding and weaning knowledge, attitudes, and practices among mothers, with a particular focus on Pakistan and comparable developing regions. A total of 69 peer-reviewed studies published between 2016 and 2020 were analyzed using data sourced from PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and national academic repositories. Findings reveal significant disparities in breastfeeding initiation times, exclusive breastfeeding durations, and the nature and timing of weaning practices. Key influencing factors include maternal education level, employment status, household income, healthcare accessibility, urban-rural divide, traditional beliefs, and misinformation.
Despite global advocacy, many mothers lack practical knowledge or face socio-cultural barriers that hinder optimal feeding practices. Inappropriate weaning or premature cessation of breastfeeding contributes to malnutrition, stunted growth, and vulnerability to infectious diseases. The review underscores the urgent need for culturally sensitive public health interventions, targeted education campaigns, and supportive health policies to promote effective breastfeeding and weaning practices.