Abstract
Anemia is a frequent complication of kidney failure, mainly due to reduced erythropoietin production, with mineral metabolism disturbances potentially playing a contributing role. This retrospective study, conducted over 2.5 years at Multan Institute of Kidney Diseases, examined the relationship between hemoglobin levels, calcium, and phosphorus in patients with renal failure secondary to glomerulonephritis. Demographic and biochemical data were obtained from the hospital’s electronic management system, and analyses included Spearman’s correlation, the Mann–Whitney U test, and multiple linear regression. The cohort had a mean age of 48.3 ± 16.4 years and was predominantly male (60.9%). The mean hemoglobin level was 9.83 ± 2.09 g/dL, indicating a high prevalence of anemia. Phosphorus showed a weak, non-significant correlation with hemoglobin, whereas males had significantly higher hemoglobin levels than females (p = 0.009). No significant gender differences were found in calcium or phosphorus levels. Multivariable regression analysis identified phosphorus (B = –0.175, p < 0.001) and calcium (B = +0.399, p < 0.001) as independent predictors of hemoglobin, collectively explaining 9.7% of its variance. These findings indicate that calcium–phosphorus imbalance may exacerbate anemia severity in kidney failure, highlighting the importance of mineral regulation as part of comprehensive anemia management.